Changes to build with new doctemplates/doclayout.

The new version of doctemplates adds many features to pandoc's
templating system, while remaining backwards-compatible.
New features include partials and filters.  Using template filters,
one can lay out data in enumerated lists and tables.

Templates are now layout-sensitive: so, for example, if a
text with soft line breaks is interpolated near the end of
a line, the text will break and wrap naturally.  This makes
the templating system much more suitable for programatically
generating markdown or other plain-text files from metadata.

21 files changed, 114 insertions, 84 deletions

diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/App/Opt.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/App/Opt.hs
index 4c08e3074..7216fa1ed 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/App/Opt.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/App/Opt.hs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Options (TopLevelDivision (TopLevelDefault),
                             ObfuscationMethod (NoObfuscation),
                             CiteMethod (Citeproc))
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared (camelCaseToHyphenated)
+import Text.DocLayout (render)
 import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..))
 import Data.Text (Text, unpack)
 import qualified Data.Text as T
@@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ valToMetaVal :: Val Text -> MetaValue
 valToMetaVal (MapVal (Context m)) =
   MetaMap . M.mapKeys unpack . M.map valToMetaVal $ m
 valToMetaVal (ListVal xs) = MetaList $ map valToMetaVal xs
-valToMetaVal (SimpleVal t) = MetaString (unpack t)
+valToMetaVal (SimpleVal d) = MetaString (unpack $ render Nothing d)
 valToMetaVal NullVal = MetaString ""
 
 -- see https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/pull/4083
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Lua/Marshaling/Context.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Lua/Marshaling/Context.hs
index a9cc7f38e..e209fbd61 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Lua/Marshaling/Context.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Lua/Marshaling/Context.hs
@@ -16,16 +16,18 @@ Marshaling instance for doctemplates Context and its components.
 -}
 module Text.Pandoc.Lua.Marshaling.Context () where
 
+import Prelude
 import qualified Foreign.Lua as Lua
 import Foreign.Lua (Pushable)
-import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..))
+import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..), TemplateTarget)
+import Text.DocLayout (render)
 
-instance Pushable a => Pushable (Context a) where
+instance (TemplateTarget a, Pushable a) => Pushable (Context a) where
   push (Context m) = Lua.push m
 
-instance Pushable a => Pushable (Val a) where
+instance (TemplateTarget a, Pushable a) => Pushable (Val a) where
   push NullVal = Lua.push ()
   push (MapVal ctx) = Lua.push ctx
   push (ListVal xs) = Lua.push xs
-  push (SimpleVal x) = Lua.push x
+  push (SimpleVal d) = Lua.push $ render Nothing d
 
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Options.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Options.hs
index 367a19da5..66193ef60 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Options.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Options.hs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ instance FromYAML ReferenceLocation where
 
 -- | Options for writers
 data WriterOptions = WriterOptions
-  { writerTemplate          :: Maybe Template -- ^ Template to use
+  { writerTemplate          :: Maybe (Template Text) -- ^ Template to use
   , writerVariables         :: Context Text -- ^ Variables to set in template
   , writerTabStop           :: Int    -- ^ Tabstop for conversion btw spaces and tabs
   , writerTableOfContents   :: Bool   -- ^ Include table of contents
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/PDF.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/PDF.hs
index 1d56d79a3..31d69bc2c 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/PDF.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/PDF.hs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import System.IO (stdout, hClose)
 import System.IO.Temp (withSystemTempDirectory, withTempDirectory,
                        withTempFile)
 import qualified System.IO.Error as IE
+import Text.DocLayout (literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.Error (PandocError (PandocPDFProgramNotFoundError))
 import Text.Pandoc.MIME (getMimeType)
@@ -134,7 +135,10 @@ makeWithWkhtmltopdf program pdfargs writer opts doc@(Pandoc meta _) = do
                       MathJax _ -> ["--run-script", "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End Typeset', function() { window.status = 'mathjax_loaded' });",
                                     "--window-status", "mathjax_loaded"]
                       _ -> []
-  meta' <- metaToContext opts (return . stringify) (return . stringify) meta
+  meta' <- metaToContext opts
+             (return . literal . stringify)
+             (return . literal . stringify)
+             meta
   let toArgs (f, mbd) = maybe [] (\d -> ['-':'-':f, d]) mbd
   let args   = pdfargs ++ mathArgs ++ concatMap toArgs
                  [("page-size", getField "papersize" meta')
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/CommonMark.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/CommonMark.hs
index a572123fc..8e6e8af51 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/CommonMark.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/CommonMark.hs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Walk (walk, walkM)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.HTML (writeHtml5String, tagWithAttributes)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.XML (toHtml5Entities)
+import Text.DocLayout (literal, render)
 
 -- | Convert Pandoc to CommonMark.
 writeCommonMark :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> m Text
@@ -50,8 +51,8 @@ writeCommonMark opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
                else [OrderedList (1, Decimal, Period) $ reverse notes]
   main <-  blocksToCommonMark opts (blocks' ++ notes')
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (fmap T.stripEnd . blocksToCommonMark opts)
-              (fmap T.stripEnd . inlinesToCommonMark opts)
+              (fmap (literal . T.stripEnd) . blocksToCommonMark opts)
+              (fmap (literal . T.stripEnd) . inlinesToCommonMark opts)
               meta
   let context =
           -- for backwards compatibility we populate toc
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ writeCommonMark opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
   return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
        Nothing  -> main
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+       Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 softBreakToSpace :: Inline -> Inline
 softBreakToSpace SoftBreak = Space
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Custom.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Custom.hs
index 6afa824da..6c4f92db0 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Custom.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Custom.hs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import qualified Data.Map as M
 import Data.Text (Text, pack)
 import Data.Typeable
 import Foreign.Lua (Lua, Pushable)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Class (PandocIO)
 import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.Lua (Global (..), LuaException (LuaException),
@@ -101,17 +102,18 @@ writeCustom luaFile opts doc@(Pandoc meta _) = do
       Lua.tostring' (-1) >>= throw . PandocLuaException . UTF8.toString
     rendered <- docToCustom opts doc
     context <- metaToContext opts
-               blockListToCustom
-               inlineListToCustom
+               (fmap (literal . pack) . blockListToCustom)
+               (fmap (literal . pack) . inlineListToCustom)
                meta
-    return (rendered, context)
+    return (pack rendered, context)
   let (body, context) = case res of
         Left (LuaException msg) -> throw (PandocLuaException msg)
         Right x -> x
-  return $ pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
        Nothing  -> body
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl $ setField "body" body context
+       Just tpl -> render Nothing $
+                    renderTemplate tpl $ setField "body" body context
 
 docToCustom :: WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> Lua String
 docToCustom opts (Pandoc (Meta metamap) blocks) = do
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/DokuWiki.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/DokuWiki.hs
index e77dfff22..8111da9ba 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/DokuWiki.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/DokuWiki.hs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Options (WrapOption (..), WriterOptions (writerTableOfContent
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared (camelCaseToHyphenated, escapeURI, isURI, linesToPara,
                            removeFormatting, substitute, trimr)
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared (defField, metaToContext)
 
 data WriterState = WriterState {
@@ -71,17 +72,17 @@ pandocToDokuWiki :: PandocMonad m
                  => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> DokuWiki m Text
 pandocToDokuWiki opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (fmap trimr . blockListToDokuWiki opts)
-              (fmap trimr . inlineListToDokuWiki opts)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . blockListToDokuWiki opts)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . inlineListToDokuWiki opts)
               meta
   body <- blockListToDokuWiki opts blocks
-  let main = body
+  let main = pack body
   let context = defField "body" main
               $ defField "toc" (writerTableOfContents opts) metadata
-  return $ pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
        Nothing  -> main
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+       Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 -- | Escape special characters for DokuWiki.
 escapeString :: String -> String
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/HTML.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/HTML.hs
index 08d8345b0..86dcb5a43 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/HTML.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/HTML.hs
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as TL
 import Network.HTTP (urlEncode)
 import Network.URI (URI (..), parseURIReference)
 import Numeric (showHex)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Prelude
 import Text.Blaze.Internal (MarkupM (Empty), customLeaf, customParent)
 import Text.DocTemplates (FromContext (lookupContext))
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ writeHtmlString' st opts d = do
                            lookupContext "sourcefile" (writerVariables opts)
                    report $ NoTitleElement fallback
                    return $ resetField "pagetitle" (T.pack fallback) context
-         return $ renderTemplate tpl
+         return $ render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl
              (defField "body" (renderHtml' body) context')
 
 writeHtml' :: PandocMonad m => WriterState -> WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> m Html
@@ -249,8 +250,8 @@ pandocToHtml opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
   let slideLevel = fromMaybe (getSlideLevel blocks) $ writerSlideLevel opts
   modify $ \st -> st{ stSlideLevel = slideLevel }
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (fmap renderHtml' . blockListToHtml opts)
-              (fmap renderHtml' . inlineListToHtml opts)
+              (fmap (literal . renderHtml') . blockListToHtml opts)
+              (fmap (literal . renderHtml') . inlineListToHtml opts)
               meta
   let stringifyHTML = escapeStringForXML . stringify
   let authsMeta = map stringifyHTML $ docAuthors meta
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ipynb.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ipynb.hs
index 2d2ee320e..c58afed9d 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ipynb.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ipynb.hs
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import qualified Data.Text.Encoding as TE
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BL
 import Data.Aeson.Encode.Pretty (Config(..), defConfig,
            encodePretty', keyOrder, Indent(Spaces))
+import Text.DocLayout (literal)
 
 writeIpynb :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> m Text
 writeIpynb opts d = do
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ writeIpynb opts d = do
 pandocToNotebook :: PandocMonad m
                  => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> m (Notebook NbV4)
 pandocToNotebook opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
-  let blockWriter bs = writeMarkdown
+  let blockWriter bs = literal <$> writeMarkdown
            opts{ writerTemplate = Nothing } (Pandoc nullMeta bs)
-  let inlineWriter ils = T.stripEnd <$> writeMarkdown
+  let inlineWriter ils = literal . T.stripEnd <$> writeMarkdown
            opts{ writerTemplate = Nothing } (Pandoc nullMeta [Plain ils])
   let jupyterMeta =
         case lookupMeta "jupyter" meta of
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/JATS.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/JATS.hs
index c0ed15f52..44ddba9a0 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/JATS.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/JATS.hs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Options
 import Text.DocLayout
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
-import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..), TemplateTarget(..))
+import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..))
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Math
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.XML
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ docToJATS opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
         case getField "date" metadata of
           Nothing -> NullVal
           Just (SimpleVal (x :: Doc Text)) ->
-             case parseDate (T.unpack $ toText x) of
+             case parseDate (T.unpack $ render Nothing x) of
                Nothing  -> NullVal
                Just day ->
                  let (y,m,d) = toGregorian day
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Jira.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Jira.hs
index 7b41468cc..79f63e229 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Jira.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Jira.hs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Math (texMathToInlines)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared (metaToContext, defField)
 import qualified Data.Text as T
+import Text.DocLayout (literal, render)
 
 data WriterState = WriterState
   { stNotes     :: [Text]      -- Footnotes
@@ -53,16 +54,19 @@ writeJira opts document =
 pandocToJira :: PandocMonad m
              => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> JiraWriter m Text
 pandocToJira opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
-  metadata <- metaToContext opts (blockListToJira opts)
-                 (inlineListToJira opts) meta
+  metadata <- metaToContext opts
+                 (fmap literal . blockListToJira opts)
+                 (fmap literal . inlineListToJira opts) meta
   body <- blockListToJira opts blocks
   notes <- gets $ T.intercalate "\n" . reverse . stNotes
-  let main = body <> if T.null notes then "" else "\n\n" <> notes
+  let main = body <> if T.null notes
+                        then mempty
+                        else T.pack "\n\n" <> notes
   let context = defField "body" main metadata
   return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
       Nothing  -> main
-      Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+      Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 -- | Escape one character as needed for Jira.
 escapeCharForJira :: Char -> Text
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/LaTeX.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/LaTeX.hs
index 491134c6c..f56b3a657 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/LaTeX.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/LaTeX.hs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pandocToLaTeX options (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
                               ,("tmargin","margin-top")
                               ,("bmargin","margin-bottom")
                               ]
-  let toPolyObj :: Lang -> Val (Doc Text)
+  let toPolyObj :: Lang -> Val Text
       toPolyObj lang = MapVal $ Context $
                         M.fromList [ ("name" , SimpleVal $ text name)
                                    , ("options" , SimpleVal $ text opts) ]
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ pandocToLaTeX options (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
           )
         $ maybe id (defField "polyglossia-lang" . toPolyObj) mblang
         $ defField "polyglossia-otherlangs"
-             (ListVal (map toPolyObj docLangs :: [Val (Doc Text)]))
+             (ListVal (map toPolyObj docLangs :: [Val Text]))
         $
                   defField "latex-dir-rtl"
            ((render Nothing <$> getField "dir" context) ==
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Markdown.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Markdown.hs
index 8f8b7ec14..06b6da3a5 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Markdown.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Markdown.hs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pandocTitleBlock tit auths dat =
   hang 2 (text "% ") (vcat $ map nowrap auths) <> cr <>
   hang 2 (text "% ") dat <> cr
 
-mmdTitleBlock :: Context (Doc Text) -> Doc Text
+mmdTitleBlock :: Context Text -> Doc Text
 mmdTitleBlock (Context hashmap) =
   vcat $ map go $ sortBy (comparing fst) $ M.toList hashmap
   where go (k,v) =
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ plainTitleBlock tit auths dat =
   (hcat (intersperse (text "; ") auths)) <> cr <>
   dat <> cr
 
-yamlMetadataBlock :: Context (Doc Text) -> Doc Text
+yamlMetadataBlock :: Context Text -> Doc Text
 yamlMetadataBlock v = "---" $$ (contextToYaml v) $$ "---"
 
-contextToYaml :: Context (Doc Text) -> Doc Text
+contextToYaml :: Context Text -> Doc Text
 contextToYaml (Context o) =
   vcat $ map keyvalToYaml $ sortBy (comparing fst) $ M.toList o
  where
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ contextToYaml (Context o) =
                (_, NullVal)       -> empty
                (k', _)            -> k' <> ":" <+> hang 2 "" (valToYaml v)
 
-valToYaml :: Val (Doc Text) -> Doc Text
+valToYaml :: Val Text -> Doc Text
 valToYaml (ListVal xs) =
   vcat $ map (\v -> hang 2 "- " (valToYaml v)) xs
 valToYaml (MapVal c) = contextToYaml c
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/MediaWiki.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/MediaWiki.hs
index c60624d25..dc7b2575e 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/MediaWiki.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/MediaWiki.hs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.ImageSize
 import Text.Pandoc.Logging
 import Text.Pandoc.Options
-import Text.DocLayout (render)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared
@@ -55,21 +55,21 @@ pandocToMediaWiki :: PandocMonad m => Pandoc -> MediaWikiWriter m Text
 pandocToMediaWiki (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
   opts <- asks options
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (fmap trimr . blockListToMediaWiki)
-              (fmap trimr . inlineListToMediaWiki)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . blockListToMediaWiki)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . inlineListToMediaWiki)
               meta
   body <- blockListToMediaWiki blocks
   notesExist <- gets stNotes
   let notes = if notesExist
                  then "\n<references />"
                  else ""
-  let main = body ++ notes
+  let main = pack $ body ++ notes
   let context = defField "body" main
                 $ defField "toc" (writerTableOfContents opts) metadata
-  return $ pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
          Nothing  -> main
-         Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+         Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 -- | Escape special characters for MediaWiki.
 escapeString :: String -> String
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/OPML.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/OPML.hs
index 83f64ec5e..cf6f9a037 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/OPML.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/OPML.hs
@@ -36,17 +36,19 @@ writeOPML opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
                     else Nothing
       meta' = B.setMeta "date" (B.str $ convertDate $ docDate meta) meta
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (writeMarkdown def . Pandoc nullMeta)
-              (\ils -> T.stripEnd <$> writeMarkdown def (Pandoc nullMeta [Plain ils]))
+              (fmap literal . writeMarkdown def . Pandoc nullMeta)
+              (\ils -> literal . T.stripEnd <$>
+                writeMarkdown def (Pandoc nullMeta [Plain ils]))
               meta'
   let blocks' = makeSections False (Just 1) blocks
-  main <- (render colwidth . vcat) <$> mapM (blockToOPML opts) blocks'
+  main <- (render colwidth . vcat) <$>
+             mapM (blockToOPML opts) blocks'
   let context = defField "body" main metadata
   return $
     (if writerPreferAscii opts then toEntities else id) $
     case writerTemplate opts of
        Nothing  -> main
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+       Just tpl -> render colwidth $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 
 writeHtmlInlines :: PandocMonad m => [Inline] -> m Text
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/RTF.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/RTF.hs
index 3a5e00845..366b4cdcd 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/RTF.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/RTF.hs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Logging
 import Text.Pandoc.Options
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Walk
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Math
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared
@@ -97,11 +98,12 @@ writeRTF options doc = do
                     . M.adjust toPlain "date"
                     $ metamap
   metadata <- metaToContext options
-              (fmap concat . mapM (blockToRTF 0 AlignDefault))
-              inlinesToRTF
+              (fmap (literal . T.pack . concat) .
+                mapM (blockToRTF 0 AlignDefault))
+              (fmap (literal . T.pack) . inlinesToRTF)
               meta'
-  body <- blocksToRTF 0 AlignDefault blocks
-  toc <- blocksToRTF 0 AlignDefault
+  body <- T.pack <$> blocksToRTF 0 AlignDefault blocks
+  toc <- T.pack <$> blocksToRTF 0 AlignDefault
           [toTableOfContents options $ filter isHeaderBlock blocks]
   let context = defField "body" body
               $ defField "spacer" spacer
@@ -112,12 +114,12 @@ writeRTF options doc = do
                         -- of the toc rather than a boolean:
                         . defField "toc" toc
                    else id) metadata
-  return $ T.pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate options of
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
-       Nothing  -> case reverse body of
-                        ('\n':_) -> body
-                        _        -> body ++ "\n"
+       Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
+       Nothing  -> case T.unsnoc body of
+                        Just (_,'\n') -> body
+                        _             -> body <> T.singleton '\n'
 
 -- | Convert unicode characters (> 127) into rich text format representation.
 handleUnicode :: String -> String
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Roff.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Roff.hs
index fdd5db4dd..4dadb1073 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Roff.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Roff.hs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ escapeString escapeMode (x:xs) =
 characterCodeMap :: Map.Map Char String
 characterCodeMap = Map.fromList characterCodes
 
-fontChange :: (IsString a, PandocMonad m) => MS m (Doc a)
+fontChange :: (HasChars a, IsString a, PandocMonad m) => MS m (Doc a)
 fontChange = do
   features <- gets stFontFeatures
   inHeader <- gets stInHeader
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fontChange = do
        then text "\\f[R]"
        else text $ "\\f[" ++ filling ++ "]"
 
-withFontFeature :: (IsString a, PandocMonad m)
+withFontFeature :: (HasChars a, IsString a, PandocMonad m)
                 => Char -> MS m (Doc a) -> MS m (Doc a)
 withFontFeature c action = do
   modify $ \st -> st{ stFontFeatures = Map.adjust not c $ stFontFeatures st }
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Shared.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Shared.hs
index f7af26a99..4f31cd137 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Shared.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Shared.hs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ import Control.Monad (zipWithM)
 import Data.Aeson (ToJSON (..), encode)
 import Data.Char (chr, ord, isSpace)
 import Data.List (groupBy, intersperse, transpose, foldl')
+import Data.Text.Conversions (FromText(..))
 import qualified Data.Map as M
 import qualified Data.Text as T
 import qualified Text.Pandoc.Builder as Builder
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Shared (stringify, makeSections, deNote, deLink)
 import Text.Pandoc.Walk (walk)
 import qualified Text.Pandoc.UTF8 as UTF8
 import Text.Pandoc.XML (escapeStringForXML)
-import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..), TemplateTarget(..),
+import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..), TemplateTarget,
                           ToContext(..), FromContext(..))
 
 -- | Create template Context from a 'Meta' and an association list
@@ -65,8 +66,8 @@ import Text.DocTemplates (Context(..), Val(..), TemplateTarget(..),
 -- assigned.  Does nothing if 'writerTemplate' is Nothing.
 metaToContext :: (Monad m, TemplateTarget a)
               => WriterOptions
-              -> ([Block] -> m a)
-              -> ([Inline] -> m a)
+              -> ([Block] -> m (Doc a))
+              -> ([Inline] -> m (Doc a))
               -> Meta
               -> m (Context a)
 metaToContext opts blockWriter inlineWriter meta =
@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ metaToContext opts blockWriter inlineWriter meta =
 -- | Like 'metaToContext, but does not include variables and is
 -- not sensitive to 'writerTemplate'.
 metaToContext' :: (Monad m, TemplateTarget a)
-           => ([Block] -> m a)
-           -> ([Inline] -> m a)
+           => ([Block] -> m (Doc a))
+           -> ([Inline] -> m (Doc a))
            -> Meta
            -> m (Context a)
 metaToContext' blockWriter inlineWriter (Meta metamap) = do
@@ -97,13 +98,14 @@ addVariablesToContext opts (Context m1) =
    m2 = case traverse go (writerVariables opts) of
                   Just (Context x) -> x
                   Nothing -> mempty
-   m3 = M.insert "meta-json" (SimpleVal $ fromText jsonrep) mempty
+   m3 = M.insert "meta-json" (SimpleVal $ literal $ fromText jsonrep)
+                             mempty
    go = Just . fromText
    jsonrep = UTF8.toText $ BL.toStrict $ encode $ toJSON m1
 
 metaValueToVal :: (Monad m, TemplateTarget a)
-               => ([Block] -> m a)
-               -> ([Inline] -> m a)
+               => ([Block] -> m (Doc a))
+               -> ([Inline] -> m (Doc a))
                -> MetaValue
                -> m (Val a)
 metaValueToVal blockWriter inlineWriter (MetaMap metamap) =
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ metaValueToVal blockWriter inlineWriter (MetaMap metamap) =
     mapM (metaValueToVal blockWriter inlineWriter) metamap
 metaValueToVal blockWriter inlineWriter (MetaList xs) = ListVal <$>
   mapM (metaValueToVal blockWriter inlineWriter) xs
-metaValueToVal _ _ (MetaBool True) = return $ SimpleVal $ fromText "true"
+metaValueToVal _ _ (MetaBool True) = return $ SimpleVal "true"
 metaValueToVal _ _ (MetaBool False) = return NullVal
 metaValueToVal _ inlineWriter (MetaString s) =
    SimpleVal <$> inlineWriter (Builder.toList (Builder.text s))
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Textile.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Textile.hs
index 88507cc56..1a7c386e0 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Textile.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Textile.hs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.ImageSize
 import Text.Pandoc.Logging
 import Text.Pandoc.Options
-import Text.DocLayout (render)
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
 import Text.Pandoc.Writers.Shared
@@ -51,16 +51,17 @@ writeTextile opts document =
 pandocToTextile :: PandocMonad m
                 => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> TW m Text
 pandocToTextile opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
-  metadata <- metaToContext opts (blockListToTextile opts)
-                 (inlineListToTextile opts) meta
+  metadata <- metaToContext opts
+                 (fmap (literal . pack) . blockListToTextile opts)
+                 (fmap (literal . pack) . inlineListToTextile opts) meta
   body <- blockListToTextile opts blocks
   notes <- gets $ unlines . reverse . stNotes
-  let main = body ++ if null notes then "" else "\n\n" ++ notes
+  let main = pack $ body ++ if null notes then "" else "\n\n" ++ notes
   let context = defField "body" main metadata
-  return $ pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
          Nothing  -> main
-         Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+         Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
 
 withUseTags :: PandocMonad m => TW m a -> TW m a
 withUseTags action = do
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/ZimWiki.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/ZimWiki.hs
index ed1f04fdf..e1bc40351 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/ZimWiki.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/ZimWiki.hs
@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@ import Control.Monad.State.Strict (StateT, evalStateT, gets, modify)
 import Data.Default (Default (..))
 import Data.List (intercalate, isInfixOf, isPrefixOf, transpose)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
+import Text.DocLayout (render, literal)
 import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
 import Data.Text (Text, breakOnAll, pack)
 import Text.Pandoc.Class (PandocMonad, report)
 import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.ImageSize
 import Text.Pandoc.Logging
-import Text.Pandoc.Options (WrapOption (..), WriterOptions (writerTableOfContents, writerTemplate, writerWrapText))
+import Text.Pandoc.Options (WrapOption (..),
+           WriterOptions (writerTableOfContents, writerTemplate,
+                          writerWrapText))
 import Text.Pandoc.Shared (escapeURI, isURI, linesToPara, removeFormatting,
                            substitute, trimr)
 import Text.Pandoc.Templates (renderTemplate)
@@ -51,16 +54,16 @@ writeZimWiki opts document = evalStateT (pandocToZimWiki opts document) def
 pandocToZimWiki :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> ZW m Text
 pandocToZimWiki opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
   metadata <- metaToContext opts
-              (fmap trimr . blockListToZimWiki opts)
-              (fmap trimr . inlineListToZimWiki opts)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . blockListToZimWiki opts)
+              (fmap (literal . pack . trimr) . inlineListToZimWiki opts)
               meta
-  main <- blockListToZimWiki opts blocks
+  main <- pack <$> blockListToZimWiki opts blocks
   --let header = "Content-Type: text/x-zim-wiki\nWiki-Format: zim 0.4\n"
   let context = defField "body" main
                 $ defField "toc" (writerTableOfContents opts) metadata
-  return $ pack $
+  return $
     case writerTemplate opts of
-       Just tpl -> renderTemplate tpl context
+       Just tpl -> render Nothing $ renderTemplate tpl context
        Nothing  -> main
 
 -- | Escape special characters for ZimWiki.
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/XML.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/XML.hs
index 8d7a2720c..f0cdf8302 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/XML.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/XML.hs
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ escapeNls (x:xs)
 escapeNls []     = []
 
 -- | Return a text object with a string of formatted XML attributes.
-attributeList :: IsString a => [(String, String)] -> Doc a
+attributeList :: (HasChars a, IsString a) => [(String, String)] -> Doc a
 attributeList = hcat . map
   (\(a, b) -> text (' ' : escapeStringForXML a ++ "=\"" ++
   escapeNls (escapeStringForXML b) ++ "\""))
 
 -- | Put the supplied contents between start and end tags of tagType,
 --   with specified attributes and (if specified) indentation.
-inTags:: IsString a
+inTags:: (HasChars a, IsString a)
       => Bool -> String -> [(String, String)] -> Doc a -> Doc a
 inTags isIndented tagType attribs contents =
   let openTag = char '<' <> text tagType <> attributeList attribs <>
@@ -74,16 +74,19 @@ inTags isIndented tagType attribs contents =
          else openTag <> contents <> closeTag
 
 -- | Return a self-closing tag of tagType with specified attributes
-selfClosingTag :: IsString a => String -> [(String, String)] -> Doc a
+selfClosingTag :: (HasChars a, IsString a)
+               => String -> [(String, String)] -> Doc a
 selfClosingTag tagType attribs =
   char '<' <> text tagType <> attributeList attribs <> text " />"
 
 -- | Put the supplied contents between start and end tags of tagType.
-inTagsSimple :: IsString a => String -> Doc a -> Doc a
+inTagsSimple :: (HasChars a, IsString a)
+             => String -> Doc a -> Doc a
 inTagsSimple tagType = inTags False tagType []
 
 -- | Put the supplied contents in indented block btw start and end tags.
-inTagsIndented :: IsString a => String -> Doc a -> Doc a
+inTagsIndented :: (HasChars a, IsString a)
+               => String -> Doc a -> Doc a
 inTagsIndented tagType = inTags True tagType []
 
 -- | Escape all non-ascii characters using numerical entities.