Initial population.

5 files changed, 1607 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/scripts/ChangeLog b/src/scripts/ChangeLog
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6f55ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/ChangeLog
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+2007-06-25  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (check_mode_value): Remove save-image support.
+	(compile_lisp_file): Add support for ECL.
+	(load_lisp_and_save_image): Remove.
+	(make_program): Tidy.  Add support for ECL.
+	(translate_boot_file): Likewise.
+
+2007-05-12  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Throughout, capitalize boottran.
+	Use new interface functions compfile-lisp-file,
+	translate-boot-to-lisp. 
+
+2007-05-08  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu,edu>
+
+	* axiom.in: New.  Supercede src/etc/axiom.
+
+2007-04-12  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (load_lisp_and_save_image): Push into BOOTTRAN after
+	the load.
+
+2007-04-10  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Don't use full internal name of symbols in package
+	boottran.  Push into that package first, and use short name.
+
+2007-04-07  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (load_lisp_and_save_image): Proclaim safety if
+	runtime checking is requested.
+
+2007-03-31  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (make_program): Don't use quiet.
+
+2007-03-26  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (load_lisp_and_save_image): Don't use quiet mode.
+
+2007-03-24  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (lisp_flavor): Don't print debug information.
+
+2007-03-13  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Support for --mode=save-image, and --use=.
+	(quiet): New.
+	(eval_flags): Likewise.
+	(lisp_flavor): Likewise.
+	(compile_lisp_file): New
+	(load_lisp_and_save_image): Likewise.
+	(make_program): Likewise.
+
+2007-03-04  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Don't set TEXINPUTS and BIBINPUTS here.  Too brittle
+	to get right.  
+
+2006-12-26  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Tidy.
+
+2006-11-22  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (--tangle): Remove yucky hack.
+
+2006-11-22  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in (--tangle): Go through contorsions to support
+	chunk names with embedded blank.
+
+o2006-11-20  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Extend to handle --mode, and --tag for translation
+	and compilation of Boot and Lisp codes.
+
+2006-09-04  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Fix thinko.
+
+2006-09-04  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Support --tangle= and --output=
+
+2006-09-04  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Support --tangle.  Fix thinko.  Summarize usage.
+
+2006-09-03  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Add support for --weave and --latex.
+
+2006-08-28  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* Makefile.pmaphelt: Delete.
+
+2006-08-09  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* document.in: Rename from document.
+	* boxup.in: Remove.
+
+2006-08-08  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
+	* Makefile.pamphlet (${OUT}/Makefile.pamphlet): Copy only showdvi.
+
+	* boxup.in: Rename from boxup.  Fix bogus hardcoded file names.
+
diff --git a/src/scripts/axiom.in b/src/scripts/axiom.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b1b7c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/axiom.in
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Start everything for Axiom.
+#
+# axiom
+#      [-ht   |-noht]	    whether to use HyperDoc
+#      [-gr   |-nogr]	    whether to use Graphics
+#      [-clef |-noclef]	    whether to use Clef
+#      [-nag |-nonag]	    whether to use NAG
+#      [-iw   |-noiw]	    start in interpreter window
+#      [-ihere|-noihere]    start an interpreter buffer in the original window
+#      [-nox]		    don't use X Windows
+#      [-go  |-nogo]	    whether to start system
+#      [-ws wsname]	    use named workspace
+#      [-list]		    list workspaces only
+#      [-grprog fname]	    use named program for Graphics
+#      [-nagprog fname]	    use named program for Nag
+#      [-htprog fname]	    use named program for HyperDoc
+#      [-clefprog fname]    use named program for Clef
+#      [-sessionprog fname] use named program for session
+#      [-clientprog fname]  use named program for spadclient
+#      [-h]		    show usage
+#
+#
+
+## Where The Axiom system resides
+prefix=@prefix@
+exec_prefix=@exec_prefix@
+AXIOM=@libdir@/axiom/target/@target@
+export AXIOM
+
+## We adjust the value of PATH here because, currently, some Axiom 
+## programs are called from the executing shell, and relying on the 
+## fact that the executables are reachable from the PATH.
+PATH=$AXIOM/bin:$PATH
+
+## If the system is built without Superman support, there is
+## no point in trying to forcefully use Superman
+use_sman=@axiom_use_sman@
+
+
+MALLOCTYPE=3.1
+export MALLOCTYPE
+
+# NAGMAN needs to know the hostname
+HOST=`hostname`
+export HOST
+
+# 0. Basic utilities
+
+ciao() {
+	echo "Goodbye."
+	exit 1
+}
+
+needsubopt () {
+	echo "The $1 option requires an argument."
+	ciao
+}
+
+
+showuse() {
+echo "axiom"
+echo "     [-ht   |-noht]       whether to use HyperDoc"
+echo "     [-gr   |-nogr]       whether to use Graphics"
+echo "     [-clef |-noclef]     whether to use Clef"
+echo "     [-nag |-nonag]       whether to use NAG"
+echo "     [-iw   |-noiw]       start in interpreter window"
+echo "     [-ihere|-noihere]    start an interpreter buffer in the original window."
+echo "     [-nox]               don't use X Windows"
+echo "     [-go  |-nogo]        whether to start system"
+echo "     [-ws wsname]         use named workspace"
+echo "     [-list]              list workspaces only"
+#echo "     [-grprog fname]      use named program for Graphics"
+#echo "     [-nagprog fname]      use named program for Nag"
+#echo "     [-htprog fname]      use named program for HyperDoc"
+#echo "     [-clefprog fname]    use named program for Clef"
+#echo "     [-sessionprog fname] use named program for session"
+#echo "     [-clientprog fname]  use named program for spadclient"
+echo "     [-h]                 show usage"
+}
+
+# 1. Ensure the environment is set.
+
+# Just process '-h'
+
+if [ "$*" = "-h" ] ; then
+     showuse
+fi
+
+if [ "$SPAD" = "" ] ; then
+  if [ "$AXIOM" = "" ] ; then
+    echo "AXIOM variable is not set"
+    exit 1
+  else
+    SPAD=$AXIOM
+  fi
+  export SPAD
+else
+  if [ "$AXIOM" = "" ] ; then
+    echo "AXIOM variable is not set"
+    echo "but SPAD = $SPAD"
+    echo "Using AXIOM = $SPAD"
+    AXIOM=$SPAD
+    export AXIOM
+  else
+    if [ ! "$SPAD" = "$AXIOM" ] ; then
+       echo "ignoring SPAD variable"
+       SPAD=$AXIOM
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
+if [ "$AXIOMXLROOT" = "" ] ; then 
+AXIOMXLROOT=${AXIOM}/compiler
+fi
+export AXIOMXLROOT
+PATH=$AXIOMXLROOT/bin:${PATH}
+export PATH
+
+
+
+if [ ! -d "$SPAD" ] ; then
+  echo "The directory for Axiom, $SPAD, does not exist."
+  ciao
+fi
+
+# Name the workspace directories.
+rootwsdir=$SPAD/bin
+
+# 2. Process command line arguments.
+
+# Defaults for command-line arguments.
+list=no
+go=yes
+wsname=AXIOMsys
+
+otheropts=""
+
+while [ "$*" != "" ] ; do
+
+	case $1 in
+        -list)  list=yes
+                go=no;;
+	-go)	go=yes ;;
+	-nogo)	go=no ;;
+
+	-ws)
+		if [ "$2" = "" ] ; then needsubopt "$1" ; fi
+		shift
+		wsname="$1"
+		;;
+
+	-nagprog|-grprog|-htprog|-clefprog|-sessionprog|-clientprog|-paste|-rm|-rv)
+		if [ "$2" = "" ] ; then needsubopt "$1" ; fi
+		otheropts="$otheropts  $1 $2"
+		shift
+		;;
+	-clef|-noclef|-gr|-nogr|-ht|-noht|-iw|-noiw|-ihere|-noihere|-nox|-nag|-nonag)
+		otheropts="$otheropts $1"
+		;;
+
+	-h)
+		go=no
+		;;
+
+
+	*)	echo "Unknown option: $1"
+		echo "To use a specific workspace use, e.g.: spad -ws $1"
+		ciao
+		;;
+	esac
+
+	shift
+done
+
+# 3. List the available workspaces, if asked
+
+listwspaces()
+{
+        echo "$1"
+        ls -l $2 | grep "sys$"
+        echo ""
+}
+
+if [ $list = yes ] ; then
+          listwspaces "AXIOM workspaces in \$AXIOM/bin = $rootwsdir: " $rootwsdir
+fi
+
+# 5. Try to ensure a suitable workspace on this host.
+
+if [ `expr $wsname : '.*/.*'` = 0 ] ; then
+	serverws=$rootwsdir/$wsname
+else
+	serverws=$wsname
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f $serverws ] ; then
+	showuse
+	ciao
+fi
+
+# 6. Start processes
+
+if [ $go = no ] ; then
+	echo "Would now start the processes."
+	echo exec $SPAD/bin/sman $otheropts -ws $serverws
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ $use_sman = "yes" ]; then
+    exec $SPAD/bin/sman $otheropts -ws $serverws
+else
+    exec $serverws
+fi
diff --git a/src/scripts/document.in b/src/scripts/document.in
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..93425720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/document.in
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# usage:
+#    document [options] file
+#    [ plus any legacy usage ]
+#
+# options:
+#    --index
+#       Run makeindex on the input file
+#
+#    --latex
+#       Typeset input file assuming it a LaTeX file
+#
+#    --mode=what
+#       In conjunction with --tag=lang, indicates what to do
+#       with input files assumed to contain program source code.
+#       Valid values are: compile, translate, link.
+#
+#    --output=outfile
+#       Set the output filename.
+#
+#    --tag=lang
+#       Process input files as programs written in language
+#       indicated by lang.  Valid values are: boot, lisp.
+#
+#    --tangle
+#    --tangle=chunk
+#       Run notangle on the input file assumed to be a pamphlet.
+#
+#    --use=cmd
+#       Use cmd for translation or compilation.
+#
+#    --weave 
+#       Run noweave on the input file assumed to be a pamphlet
+#       When combined with --output, also run latex.
+#    --
+#       Anything that comes after is treated as an argument, even
+#       if it looks like an option
+
+## 2007-04-10:
+##   After moving to a recent version of MSYS, and GCL-2.6.8pre, I
+##   noticed that double-colon ('::' in boottran::boottocl) will be
+##   translated to semi-colon (';') as if interpreted for path
+##   separator.  I don't who is doing that, and I have no time to
+##   investigate it, and even if I do, it would not help much.  
+##   Therefore, I've changed the script not to use double-colon.
+##      -- Gaby
+
+
+# set -x
+
+# Flags used to invoke the Lisp compiler in batch mode
+quiet="@axiom_quiet_flags@"
+eval_flags="@axiom_eval_flags@"
+
+# The flavor of Lisp implementation we're using
+lisp_flavor=@axiom_lisp_flavor@
+
+# safety option -- used only when saving image.
+enable_checking=@axiom_enable_checking@
+
+# Issue a diagnostic message and exit with non-zero status.
+error() {
+    echo "error: $1"
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# Issue a diagnostic if an option ($1) requires a argument
+# and its value ($2) is empty.
+maybe_missing_value_for() {
+    if test -z $2; then
+	error "missing value for $1"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Check validity of --tag.  At the moment
+# we support only "boot" and "lisp"
+check_tag_value() {
+    case $1 in
+	boot|lisp) 
+           tag=$1
+           ;;
+	*)
+	   error "invalid tag $1"
+	   ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+# Validate argument for --mode.  We support only
+#  - "compile", for Lisp source file
+#  - "translate", for Boot source file
+check_mode_value() {
+    case $1 in
+	compile|translate|link)
+           mode=$1
+	   ;;
+	*)
+	   error "invalid mode $1"
+	   ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+# Compile a program written in Lisp to FASL code.
+# $1 is the input file name
+# $2 is the output file name
+compile_lisp_file() {
+    case $lisp_flavor in
+	gcl|sbcl|clisp|ecl)
+	   $command -- --compile $1
+	   ;;
+	*)
+	   error "don't know how to compile with '$lisp_flavor' Lisp"
+	   ;;
+    esac
+    return $?
+}
+
+# Build an executable out of (compiled) Lisp files.
+make_program() {
+    case $lisp_flavor in
+	gcl|sbcl|clisp|ecl)
+           $command -- --make --output=$output $@
+	   ;;
+	*)
+	   error "don't know how to build program with '$lisp_flavor' Lisp"
+	   ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+# Translate a program written in Boot to Lisp
+# $1 designates the translator 
+# $2 is the input file
+# $3 is a temporary file where we dump compiler diagnostics
+translate_boot_file() {
+    case $lisp_flavor in
+	gcl|sbcl|clisp|ecl)
+	   $command -- --translate $1 | tee $2 
+	   ;;
+	*)
+	   error "don't know how to translate with '$lisp_flavor' Lisp"
+	   ;;
+    esac
+    return $?
+}
+
+do_index=
+do_latex=
+do_tangle=
+do_weave=
+chunk=
+file=
+output=
+tag=
+mode=
+command=
+
+while test $# -gt 0 ; do
+    optval=$1
+
+    case $optval in
+	--)
+	   break
+	   ;;
+	--*=*)
+	   arg=`echo $optval | sed -e 's/^[-a-zA-Z]*=//'`
+	   opt=`echo $optval | sed -e 's/=.*$//'`
+	   shift;
+	   ;;
+	--*)
+	   opt=$optval
+	   arg=
+	   shift
+	   ;;
+	*)
+	   break
+	   ;;
+    esac
+
+    case $opt in
+	--weave)
+	   do_weave=yes
+	   ;;
+
+        --latex)
+	   do_latex=yes
+           ;;
+
+        --index)
+	   do_index=yes
+	   # FIXME: --index may be used only with --latex.  Check.
+           ;;
+
+	--tangle)
+	   do_tangle=yes
+	   if test -n "$arg"; then
+	       chunk=$arg
+	   fi
+	   # --tangle may not be combined with any other
+	   # options.  FIXME:  Check that. 
+	   ;;
+
+	--output)
+	   maybe_missing_value_for $opt $arg
+	   output=$arg
+	   ;;
+
+	--tag)
+	   maybe_missing_value_for $opt $arg
+	   check_tag_value $arg
+	  ;;
+	
+	--mode)
+ 	   maybe_missing_value_for $opt $arg
+	   check_mode_value $arg
+	   ;;
+	--use)
+	   command=$arg
+	   ;;
+
+	--*)
+	   echo unrecognized option $opt
+	   exit 1
+	   ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if test x$do_tangle = xyes; then
+    # FIXME: Check that the input file name does indeed have
+    # a pamphlet extension.
+    file=$1
+    if [ -z $output ]; then
+	output=`basename $file .pamphlet`;
+    fi
+
+    # FIXME: Ideally, we should just prepend -R to $chunk
+    #        if it is non-null, and say $tangle $chunk $file > $output
+    #        Alternatively, we could initialize chunk to '*' and
+    #        unconditionally use -R"$chunk".
+    if [ -z "$chunk" ]; then
+	notangle $file > $output
+    else
+	notangle -R"$chunk" $file > $output
+    fi
+    # FIXME: Handle errors.
+    exit $?;
+fi
+
+
+if test x$do_weave = xyes; then
+    file=`basename $1 .pamphlet`
+    noweave -delay $1 > $file.tex
+    if test x$do_latex != xyes; then
+	exit 0;
+    fi
+fi
+
+if test x$do_latex = xyes; then
+    if [ -z $file ]; then
+	file=`basename $1 .tex`
+    fi
+    latex --interaction nonstopmode $file;
+    if [ x$do_index = xyes ]; then
+	makeindex $file.idx
+    fi
+    latex --interaction nonstopmode $file;
+    exit $?
+fi
+
+# We only support translation of Boot source files, and
+# compilation of Lisp source files
+case $mode,$tag in
+    translate,boot)
+       # The bootsys image is currently unable to pass up an
+       # exit status that we can hand to the shell.  When an error
+       # occurs, bootsys just prints a message and exits as if 
+       # everything went well.  To work around that, we have to 
+       # capture its output, look for specific patterns, and then
+       # return an appropriate exit status.
+       # mktemp is used to create a temporary file; for systems that
+       # lack support for mktemp, e.g. MinGW/MSYS, we use the common
+       # trick of forging a filename based on the pid.
+       if test -z "@MKTEMP@"; then
+	   tmpfile=document.$$
+       else
+	   tmpfile=`mktemp document.XXXXXX` || exit 1
+       fi
+       trap "rm -f $tmpfile" 1 2 15
+       translate_boot_file $1 $tmpfile
+       grep 'ERROR IN' $tmpfile >/dev/null && { rm $tmpfile; exit 1; }
+       rm $tmpfile && exit 0
+       ;;
+
+    compile,lisp)
+       compile_lisp_file $1 $output
+       exit $?
+       ;;
+    link,lisp)
+       make_program $@
+       exit $?
+       ;;
+esac
+
+
+if [ "$#" = "3" ]; then
+ REDIRECT=$2
+ FILE=`basename $3 .pamphlet`
+ notangle -t8 $FILE.pamphlet >$FILE
+ noweave -delay $FILE.pamphlet >$FILE.tex
+ latex --interaction nonstopmode $FILE.tex >$REDIRECT
+ latex --interaction nonstopmode $FILE.tex >$REDIRECT
+ rm -f $FILE~
+ rm -f $FILE.pamphlet~
+ rm -f $FILE.log
+ rm -f $FILE.tex
+ rm -f $FILE.toc
+ rm -f $FILE.aux
+ exit 0
+fi
+if [ "$#" = "1" ]; then
+ FILE=`basename $1 .pamphlet`
+ notangle -t8 $FILE.pamphlet >$FILE
+ noweave -delay $FILE.pamphlet >$FILE.tex
+ latex $FILE.tex 
+ latex $FILE.tex
+ rm -f $FILE~
+ rm -f $FILE.pamphlet~
+ rm -f $FILE.log
+ rm -f $FILE.tex
+ rm -f $FILE.toc
+ rm -f $FILE.aux
+ exit 0
+fi
+echo "document [ -o redirect ] pamphlet"
+
+# set +x
+
diff --git a/src/scripts/showdvi b/src/scripts/showdvi
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..49516253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/showdvi
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+xdvi -expert -s 3 $1.dvi
diff --git a/src/scripts/tex/axiom.sty b/src/scripts/tex/axiom.sty
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..cc1b0bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scripts/tex/axiom.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,946 @@
+% axiom.sty -- LaTeX support for noweb
+% DON'T edit this file!  Use src/doc/axiom.sty.pamphlet instead.
+{\obeyspaces\AtBeginDocument{\global\let =\ }} % from texbook, p 381
+\def\nwopt@nomargintag{\let\nwmargintag=\@gobble}
+\def\nwopt@margintag{%
+  \def\nwmargintag##1{\leavevmode\llap{##1\kern\nwmarginglue\kern\codemargin}}}
+\def\nwopt@margintag{%
+  \def\nwmargintag##1{\leavevmode\kern-\codemargin\nwthemargintag{##1}\kern\codemargin}}
+\def\nwthemargintag#1{\llap{#1\kern\nwmarginglue}}
+\nwopt@margintag
+\newdimen\nwmarginglue
+\nwmarginglue=0.3in
+\def\nwtagstyle{\footnotesize\Rm}
+% make \hsize in code sufficient for 88 columns
+\setbox0=\hbox{\tt m}
+\newdimen\codehsize
+\codehsize=91\wd0 % 88 columns wasn't enough; I don't know why
+\newdimen\codemargin
+\codemargin=0pt
+\newdimen\nwdefspace
+\nwdefspace=\codehsize
+% need to use \textwidth in {\LaTeX} to handle styles with
+% non-standard margins (David Bruce).  Don't know why we sometimes
+% wanted \hsize.  27 August 1997.
+%% \advance\nwdefspace by -\hsize\relax
+\ifx\textwidth\undefined
+  \advance\nwdefspace by -\hsize\relax
+\else
+  \advance\nwdefspace by -\textwidth\relax
+\fi
+\chardef\other=12
+\def\setupcode{%
+  \chardef\\=`\\
+  \chardef\{=`\{
+  \chardef\}=`\}
+  \catcode`\$=\other
+  \catcode`\&=\other
+  \catcode`\#=\other
+  \catcode`\%=\other
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  \catcode`\"=\other    % fixes problem with german.sty
+  \obeyspaces\Tt
+}
+\let\nwlbrace=\{
+\let\nwrbrace=\}
+\def\nwendquote{\relax\ifhmode\spacefactor=1000 \fi}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active % make CR an active character
+  \gdef\newlines{\catcode`\^^M=\active % make CR an active character
+         \def^^M{\par\startline}}%
+  \gdef\eatline#1^^M{\relax}%
+}
+%%% DON'T   \gdef^^M{\par\startline}}% in case ^^M appears in a \write
+\def\startline{\noindent\hskip\parindent\ignorespaces}
+\def\nwnewline{\ifvmode\else\hfil\break\leavevmode\hbox{}\fi}
+\def\setupmodname{%
+  \catcode`\$=3
+  \catcode`\&=4
+  \catcode`\#=6
+  \catcode`\%=14
+  \catcode`\~=13
+  \catcode`\_=8
+  \catcode`\^=7
+  \catcode`\ =10
+  \catcode`\^^M=5
+  \let\{\nwlbrace
+  \let\}\nwrbrace
+  % bad news --- don't know what catcode to give "
+  \Rm}
+\def\LA{\begingroup\maybehbox\bgroup\setupmodname\It$\langle$}
+\def\RA{\/$\rangle$\egroup\endgroup}
+\def\code{\leavevmode\begingroup\setupcode\newlines}
+\def\edoc{\endgroup}
+\let\maybehbox\relax
+\newbox\equivbox
+\setbox\equivbox=\hbox{$\equiv$}
+\newbox\plusequivbox
+\setbox\plusequivbox=\hbox{$\mathord{+}\mathord{\equiv}$}
+% \moddef can't have an argument because there might be \code...\edoc
+\def\moddef{\leavevmode\kern-\codemargin\LA}
+\def\endmoddef{\RA\ifmmode\equiv\else\unhcopy\equivbox\fi
+               \nobreak\hfill\nobreak}
+\def\plusendmoddef{\RA\ifmmode\mathord{+}\mathord{\equiv}\else\unhcopy\plusequivbox\fi
+               \nobreak\hfill\nobreak}
+\def\chunklist{%
+\errhelp{I changed \chunklist to \nowebchunks.  
+I'll try to avoid such incompatible changes in the future.}%
+\errmessage{Use \string\nowebchunks\space instead of \string\chunklist}}
+\def\nowebchunks{\message{<Warning: You need noweave -x to use \string\nowebchunks>}}
+\def\nowebindex{\message{<Warning: You need noweave -index to use \string\nowebindex>}}
+% here is support for the new-style (capitalized) font-changing commands
+% thanks to Dave Love
+\ifx\documentstyle\undefined
+  \let\Rm=\rm \let\It=\it \let\Tt=\tt       % plain
+\else\ifx\selectfont\undefined
+  \let\Rm=\rm \let\It=\it \let\Tt=\tt       % LaTeX OFSS
+\else                                       % LaTeX NFSS
+  \def\Rm{\reset@font\rm}
+  \def\It{\reset@font\it}
+  \def\Tt{\reset@font\tt}
+  \def\Bf{\reset@font\bf}
+\fi\fi
+\ifx\reset@font\undefined \let\reset@font=\relax \fi
+\def\noweboptions#1{%
+  \def\@nwoptionlist{#1}%
+  \@for\@nwoption:=\@nwoptionlist\do{%
+    \@ifundefined{nwopt@\@nwoption}{%
+        \@latexerr{There is no such noweb option as '\@nwoption'}\@eha}{%
+        \csname nwopt@\@nwoption\endcsname}}}
+\codemargin=10pt
+\advance\codehsize by \codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
+\advance\nwdefspace by \codemargin      % and fix adjustment for def/use
+\def\setcodemargin#1{%
+  \advance\codehsize by -\codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
+  \advance\nwdefspace by -\codemargin   % and fix adjustment for def/use
+  \codemargin=#1
+  \advance\codehsize by \codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
+  \advance\nwdefspace by \codemargin    % and fix adjustment for
+                                        % def/use
+}
+\def\nwopt@shift{%
+  \dimen@=-0.8in
+  \if@twoside                 % Values for two-sided printing:
+     \advance\evensidemargin by \dimen@
+  \else                       % Values for one-sided printing:
+     \advance\evensidemargin by \dimen@
+     \advance\oddsidemargin by \dimen@
+  \fi
+%  \advance \marginparwidth -\dimen@
+}
+\let\nwopt@noshift\@empty
+\def\nwbegincode#1{%
+  \begingroup
+    \topsep \nwcodetopsep
+    \@beginparpenalty \@highpenalty
+    \@endparpenalty -\@highpenalty
+  \@begincode }
+\def\nwendcode{\endtrivlist \endgroup \filbreak} % keeps code on 1 page
+
+\newenvironment{webcode}{%
+  \@begincode
+}{%
+  \endtrivlist}
+\def\@begincode{%
+    \trivlist \item[]%
+    \leftskip\@totalleftmargin \advance\leftskip\codemargin
+    \rightskip\hsize \advance\rightskip -\codehsize
+    \parskip\z@ \parindent\z@ \parfillskip\@flushglue
+  \linewidth\codehsize
+    \@@par
+    \def\par{\leavevmode\null \@@par \penalty\nwcodepenalty}%
+    \obeylines
+    \@noligs   \ifx\verbatim@nolig@list\undefined\else
+                 \let\do=\nw@makeother \verbatim@nolig@list \do@noligs\`
+               \fi
+    \setupcode \frenchspacing \@vobeyspaces
+  \nowebsize \setupcode
+  \let\maybehbox\mbox }
+  \newskip\nwcodetopsep \nwcodetopsep = 3pt plus 1.2pt minus 1pt
+  \let\nowebsize=\normalsize
+  \def\nwopt@tinycode{\let\nowebsize=\tiny}
+  \def\nwopt@footnotesizecode{\let\nowebsize=\footnotesize}
+  \def\nwopt@scriptsizecode{\let\nowebsize=\scriptsize}
+  \def\nwopt@smallcode{\let\nowebsize=\small}
+  \def\nwopt@normalsizecode{\let\nowebsize=\normalsize}
+  \def\nwopt@largecode{\let\nowebsize=\large}
+  \def\nwopt@Largecode{\let\nowebsize=\Large}
+  \def\nwopt@LARGEcode{\let\nowebsize=\LARGE}
+  \def\nwopt@hugecode{\let\nowebsize=\huge}
+  \def\nwopt@Hugecode{\let\nowebsize=\Huge}
+\newcount\nwcodepenalty  \nwcodepenalty=\@highpenalty
+\def\nw@makeother#1{\catcode`#1=12 }
+\def\nwbegindocs#1{\ifvmode\noindent\fi}
+\let\nwenddocs=\relax
+\let\nwdocspar=\filbreak
+\raggedbottom
+\def\code{\leavevmode\begingroup\setupcode\@vobeyspaces\obeylines}
+\let\edoc=\endgroup
+\newdimen\@original@textwidth
+\def\ps@noweb{%
+  \@original@textwidth=\textwidth
+  \let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
+  \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%       No feet.
+  \if@twoside         % If two-sided printing.
+    \def\@evenhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
+           \Rm \thepage\qquad{\Tt\leftmark}\hfil\today}}%        Left heading.
+    \def\@oddhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
+           \Rm \today\hfil{\Tt\leftmark}\qquad\thepage}}% Right heading.
+  \else               % If one-sided printing.
+    \def\@oddhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
+           \Rm \today\hfil{\Tt\leftmark}\qquad\thepage}}% Right heading.
+    \let\@evenhead\@oddhead
+  \fi
+  \let\chaptermark\@gobble
+  \let\sectionmark\@gobble
+  \let\subsectionmark\@gobble
+  \let\subsubsectionmark\@gobble
+  \let\paragraphmark\@gobble
+  \let\subparagraphmark\@gobble
+  \def\nwfilename{\begingroup\let\do\@makeother\dospecials
+                \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \nw@filename}
+  \def\nw@filename##1{\endgroup\markboth{##1}{##1}\let\nw@filename=\nw@laterfilename}%
+}
+\def\nw@laterfilename#1{\endgroup\clearpage \markboth{#1}{#1}}
+\let\nwfilename=\@gobble
+\def\nwcodecomment#1{\@@par\penalty\nwcodepenalty
+    \if@firstnwcodecomment
+      \vskip\nwcodecommentsep\penalty\nwcodepenalty\@firstnwcodecommentfalse
+    \fi%
+    \hspace{-\codemargin}{%
+        \rightskip=0pt plus1in
+        \interlinepenalty\nwcodepenalty
+        \let\\\relax\footnotesize\Rm #1\@@par\penalty\nwcodepenalty}}
+\def\@nwalsodefined#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepdef\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{#1}.}}
+\def\@nwused#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepcud\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{#1}.}}
+\def\@nwnotused#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdeprtc.}}
+\def\nwoutput#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepcwf\ {\Tt \@stripstar#1*\stripped}.}}
+\def\@stripstar#1*#2\stripped{#1}
+\newcommand{\nwprevdefptr}[1]{%
+  \mbox{$\mathord{\triangleleft}\,\mathord{\mbox{\subpageref{#1}}}$}}
+\newcommand{\nwnextdefptr}[1]{%
+  \mbox{$\mathord{\mbox{\subpageref{#1}}}\,\mathord{\triangleright}$}}
+
+\newcommand{\@nwprevnextdefs}[2]{%
+  {\nwtagstyle
+  \ifx\relax#1\else ~~\nwprevdefptr{#1}\fi
+  \ifx\relax#2\else ~~\nwnextdefptr{#2}\fi}}
+\newcommand{\@nwusesondefline}[1]{{\nwtagstyle~~(\@pagenumsl{#1})}}
+\newcommand{\@nwstartdeflinemarkup}{\nobreak\hskip 1.5em plus 1fill\nobreak}
+\newcommand{\@nwenddeflinemarkup}{\nobreak\hskip \nwdefspace minus\nwdefspace\nobreak}
+\def\nwopt@longxref{%
+  \let\nwalsodefined\@nwalsodefined
+  \let\nwused\@nwused
+  \let\nwnotused\@nwnotused
+  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@gobbletwo
+  \let\nwusesondefline\@gobble
+  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\relax
+  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\relax
+}
+\def\nwopt@shortxref{%
+  \let\nwalsodefined\@gobble
+  \let\nwused\@gobble
+  \let\nwnotused\@gobble
+  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@nwprevnextdefs
+  \let\nwusesondefline\@nwusesondefline
+  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\@nwstartdeflinemarkup
+  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\@nwenddeflinemarkup
+}
+\def\nwopt@noxref{%
+  \let\nwalsodefined\@gobble
+  \let\nwused\@gobble
+  \let\nwnotused\@gobble
+  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@gobbletwo
+  \let\nwusesondefline\@gobble
+  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\relax
+  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\relax
+}
+\nwopt@shortxref % to hell with backward compatibility!
+\newskip\nwcodecommentsep \nwcodecommentsep=3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt
+\newif\if@firstnwcodecomment\@firstnwcodecommenttrue
+\newcount\@nwlopage\newcount\@nwhipage  % range lo..hi-1
+\newcount\@nwlosub              % subpage of lo
+\newcount\@nwhisub              % subpage of hi
+\def\@nwfirstpage#1#2#3{% subpage page xref-tag
+  \@nwlopage=#2 \@nwlosub=#1
+  \def\@nwloxreftag{#3}%
+  \advance\@nwpagecount by \@ne
+  \@nwhipage=\@nwlopage\advance\@nwhipage by \@ne }
+\def\@nwnextpage#1#2#3{% subpage page xref-tag
+  \ifnum\@nwhipage=#2 
+    \advance\@nwhipage by \@ne 
+    \advance\@nwpagecount by \@ne
+    \@nwhisub=#1 
+    \def\@nwhixreftag{#3}\else
+  \ifnum#2<\@nwlopage \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+                      \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+                           \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+                      \else
+                        \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+                        \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+                            \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                                          \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                                              {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+                        \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                                \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+                                \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                                  \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+                                  \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                                  \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                                    \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                                    \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                                    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                                  \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                                  \fi
+                                \fi
+                              \fi%
+                        \fi
+                      \fi%
+                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\@nwfirstpage{#1}{#2}{#3}\else
+  \ifnum#2>\@nwhipage \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+                      \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+                           \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+                      \else
+                        \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+                        \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+                            \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                                          \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                                              {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+                        \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                                \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+                                \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                                  \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+                                  \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                                  \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                                    \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                                    \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                                    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                                  \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                                  \fi
+                                \fi
+                              \fi%
+                        \fi
+                      \fi%
+                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\@nwfirstpage{#1}{#2}{#3}\else
+    \@nwlosub=0 \@nwhisub=0
+  \fi\fi\fi
+  }
+\newcount\@nwpagetemp
+\newcount\@nwpagecount
+\def\@nwfirstpagel#1{% label
+  \@ifundefined{r@#1}{\@warning{Reference `#1' on page \thepage \space undefined}%
+                      \nwix@cons\nw@pages{\\{\bf ??}}}{%
+    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwfirstpage\subpagepair{#1}{#1}}\@tempa}}
+\def\@nwnextpagel#1{% label
+  \@ifundefined{r@#1}{\@warning{Reference `#1' on page \thepage \space undefined}%
+                      \nwix@cons\nw@pages{\\{\bf ??}}}{%
+    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwnextpage\subpagepair{#1}{#1}}\@tempa}}
+\def\@pagesl#1{%  list of labels
+  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
+  \def\\##1{\@nwfirstpagel{##1}\let\\=\@nwnextpagel}#1%
+  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+  \else
+    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \fi
+            \fi
+          \fi%
+    \fi
+  \fi%
+  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\def\\##1{\@nwhyperpagenum##1}%
+  \ifnum\@nwpagecount=1 \nwpageword \else \nwpagesword\fi~\commafy{\nw@pages}}
+\def\@nwhyperpagenum#1#2{\nwhyperreference{#2}{#1}}
+
+\def\@pagenumsl#1{%  list of labels -- doesn't include word `pages', commas, or `and'
+  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
+  \def\\##1{\@nwfirstpagel{##1}\let\\=\@nwnextpagel}#1%
+  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+  \else
+    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \fi
+            \fi
+          \fi%
+    \fi
+  \fi%
+  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa%
+  \def\\##1{\@nwhyperpagenum##1\let\\=\@nwpagenumslrest}\nw@pages}
+\def\@nwpagenumslrest#1{~\@nwhyperpagenum#1}
+\def\subpages#1{% list of {{subpage}{page}}
+  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
+  \def\\##1{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwfirstpage##1{}}\@tempa
+            \def\\####1{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwnextpage####1}\@tempa}}#1%
+  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+  \else
+    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+              \fi
+            \fi
+          \fi%
+    \fi
+  \fi%
+  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\def\\##1{\@firstoftwo##1}%
+  \ifnum\@nwpagecount=1 \nwpageword \else \nwpagesword\fi~\commafy{\nw@pages}}
+\def\@nwaddrange{\advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
+                 \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
+                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                         {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
+                 \else
+                   \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
+                   \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
+                       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
+                                         {\@nwloxreftag}}%
+                                     \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
+                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
+                                         {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
+                   \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                           \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
+                           \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
+                             \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
+                             \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                             \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
+                               \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
+                               \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
+                               \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                             \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
+                             \fi
+                           \fi
+                         \fi%
+                   \fi
+                 \fi%
+                 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa}
+\def\nwpageword{\@nwlangdepchk}  % chunk, was page
+\def\nwpagesword{\@nwlangdepchks}  % chunk, was page
+\def\nwpageprep{\@nwlangdepin}     % in, was on
+\newcommand\nw@genericref[2]{% what to do, name of ref
+  \expandafter\nw@g@nericref\csname r@#2\endcsname#1{#2}}
+\newcommand\nw@g@nericref[3]{% control sequence, what to do, name
+  \ifx#1\relax
+    \ref{#3}% trigger the standard `undefined ref' mechanisms
+  \else
+    \expandafter#2#1.\\%
+  \fi}
+\def\nw@selectone#1#2#3\\{#1}
+\def\nw@selecttwo#1#2#3\\{#2}
+\def\nw@selectonetwo#1#2#3\\{{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\subpageref}[1]{%
+  \nwhyperreference{#1}{\nw@genericref\@subpageref{#1}}}
+\def\@subpageref#1#2#3\\{%
+  \@ifundefined{2on#2}{#2}{\nwthepagenum{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\subpagepair}[1]{%  % produces {subpage}{page}
+  \@ifundefined{r@#1}%
+    {{0}{0}}%
+    {\nw@genericref\@subpagepair{#1}}}
+\def\@subpagepair#1#2#3\\{%
+  \@ifundefined{2on#2}{{0}{#2}}{{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\sublabel}[1]{%
+  \@bsphack
+  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%
+  \if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
+   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
+   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
+      \newsublabel{#1}{{}{\thepage}}}}%
+   \expandafter}\@tempa
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+\newcommand{\nosublabel}[1]{%
+  \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
+   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
+   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
+      \newlabel{#1}{{0}{\thepage}}}}%
+   \expandafter}\@tempa
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+\newcommand\newsublabel{%
+  \nw@settrailers
+  \global\let\newsublabel\@newsublabel
+  \@newsublabel}
+\newcommand{\@newsublabel}[2]{%
+  \edef\this@page{\@cdr#2\@nil}%
+  \ifx\this@page\last@page\else
+    \sub@page=\z@
+  \fi
+  \edef\last@page{\this@page}
+  \advance\sub@page by \@ne
+  \ifnum\sub@page=\tw@
+    \global\@namedef{2on\this@page}{}%
+  \fi
+  \pendingsublabel{#1}%
+  \edef\@tempa##1{\noexpand\newlabel{##1}%
+    {{\number\sub@page}{\this@page}\nw@labeltrailers}}%
+  \pending@sublabels
+  \def\pending@sublabels{}}
+\newcommand\nw@settrailers{% -- won't work on first run
+  \@ifpackageloaded{nameref}%
+     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{{}{}{}}}%
+     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{}}}
+\renewcommand\nw@settrailers{% 
+  \@ifundefined{@secondoffive}%
+     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{}}%
+     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{{}{}{}}}}
+\newcommand{\nextchunklabel}[1]{%
+  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%   % looks slightly bogus --- nr
+  \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
+      \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string\pendingsublabel{#1}}}%
+      \expandafter}\@tempa
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+\newcommand\pendingsublabel[1]{%
+  \def\@tempa{\noexpand\@tempa}%
+  \edef\pending@sublabels{\noexpand\@tempa{#1}\pending@sublabels}}
+\def\pending@sublabels{}
+\def\last@page{\relax}
+\newcount\sub@page
+\def\@alphasubpagenum#1#2{#2\ifnum#1=0 \else\@alph{#1}\fi}
+\def\@nosubpagenum#1#2{#2}
+\def\@numsubpagenum#1#2{#2\ifnum#1=0 \else.\@arabic{#1}\fi}
+\def\nwopt@nosubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@nosubpagenum\nwopt@nomargintag}
+\def\nwopt@numsubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@numsubpagenum}
+\def\nwopt@alphasubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@alphasubpagenum}
+\nwopt@alphasubpage
+\newcount\@nwalph@n
+\let\@nwalph@d\@tempcnta
+\let\@nwalph@bound\@tempcntb
+\def\@nwlongalph#1{{%
+  \@nwalph@n=#1\advance\@nwalph@n by-1
+  \@nwalph@bound=26
+  \loop\ifnum\@nwalph@n<\@nwalph@bound\else
+     \advance\@nwalph@n by -\@nwalph@bound
+     \multiply\@nwalph@bound by 26
+  \repeat
+  \loop\ifnum\@nwalph@bound>1
+    \divide\@nwalph@bound by 26
+    \@nwalph@d=\@nwalph@n\divide\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
+    % d := d * bound ; n -:= d; d := d / bound --- saves a temporary
+    \multiply\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
+    \advance\@nwalph@n by -\@nwalph@d
+    \divide\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
+    \advance\@nwalph@d by 1 \@alph{\@nwalph@d}%
+  \repeat
+}}
+\newcount\nw@chunkcount
+\nw@chunkcount=\@ne
+\newcommand{\weblabel}[1]{%
+  \@bsphack
+  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%
+  \if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
+   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
+   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
+      \newsublabel{#1}{{}{\number\nw@chunkcount}}}}%
+   \expandafter}\@tempa
+   \global\advance\nw@chunkcount by \@ne
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+\def\nwopt@webnumbering{%
+  \let\sublabel=\weblabel
+  \def\nwpageword{chunk}\def\nwpagesword{chunks}%
+  \def\nwpageprep{in}}
+% \nwindexdefn{printable name}{identifying label}{label of chunk}
+% \nwindexuse{printable name}{identifying label}{label of chunk}
+
+\def\nwindexdefn#1#2#3{\@auxix{\protect\nwixd}{#2}{#3}}
+\def\nwindexuse#1#2#3{\@auxix{\protect\nwixu}{#2}{#3}}
+
+\def\@auxix#1#2#3{% {marker}{id label}{subpage label}
+   \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\nwixd\relax\let\nwixu\relax
+   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
+   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string\nwixadd{#1}{#2}{#3}}}%
+   \expandafter}\@tempa
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+% \nwixadd{marker}{idlabel}{subpage label}
+\def\nwixadd#1#2#3{%
+  \@ifundefined{nwixl@#2}%
+    {\global\@namedef{nwixl@#2}{#1{#3}}}%
+    {\expandafter\nwix@cons\csname nwixl@#2\endcsname{#1{#3}}}}
+\def\@nwsubscriptident#1#2{\mbox{$\mbox{#1}_{\mathrm{\subpageref{#2}}}$}}
+\def\@nwnosubscriptident#1#2{#1}
+\def\@nwhyperident#1#2{\leavevmode\nwhyperreference{#2}{#1}}
+\def\nwopt@subscriptidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwsubscriptident
+  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwsubscriptident
+}
+\def\nwopt@nosubscriptidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
+  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwnosubscriptident
+}
+\def\nwopt@hyperidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwhyperident
+  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwhyperident
+}
+\def\nwopt@nohyperidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
+  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwnosubscriptident
+}
+\def\nwopt@subscriptquotedidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwsubscriptident
+}
+\def\nwopt@nosubscriptquotedidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
+}
+\def\nwopt@hyperquotedidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwhyperident
+}
+\def\nwopt@nohyperquotedidents{%
+  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
+}
+\nwopt@hyperidents
+\newcount\@commacount
+\def\commafy#1{%
+  {\nwix@listcount{#1}\@commacount=\nwix@counter
+   \let\@comma@each=\\%
+   \ifcase\@commacount\let\\=\@comma@each\or\let\\=\@comma@each\or
+     \def\\{\def\\{ \@nwlangdepand\ \@comma@each}\@comma@each}\else
+     \def\\{\def\\{, %
+                   \advance\@commacount by \m@ne
+                   \ifnum\@commacount=1 \@nwlangdepand~\fi\@comma@each}\@comma@each}\fi
+   #1}}
+\def\nwix@cons#1#2{% {list}{\marker{element}}
+  {\toks0=\expandafter{#1}\def\@tempa{#2}\toks2=\expandafter{\@tempa}%
+   \xdef#1{\the\toks0 \the\toks2 }}}
+\def\nwix@uses#1{% {label}
+  \def\nwixu{\\}\let\nwixd\@gobble\@nameuse{nwixl@#1}}
+\def\nwix@defs#1{% {label}
+  \def\nwixd{\\}\let\nwixu\@gobble\@nameuse{nwixl@#1}}
+\newcount\nwix@counter
+\def\nwix@listcount#1{% {list with \\}
+  {\count@=0
+   \def\\##1{\advance\count@ by \@ne }%
+   #1\global\nwix@counter=\count@ }}
+\def\nwix@usecount#1{\nwix@listcount{\nwix@uses{#1}}}
+\def\nwix@defcount#1{\nwix@listcount{\nwix@defs{#1}}}
+\def\nwix@id@defs#1{% index pair
+  {{\Tt \@car#1\@nil}%
+  \def\\##1{~\subpageref{##1}}\nwix@defs{\@cdr#1\@nil}}}
+\def\nwidentuses#1{% list of index pairs
+  \nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepuss\ \let\\=\nwix@id@defs\commafy{#1}.}}
+\def\nwix@totaluses#1{% list of index pairs
+  {\count@=0
+   \def\\##1{\nwix@usecount{\@cdr##1\@nil}\advance\count@ by\nwix@counter}%
+   #1\global\nwix@counter\count@ }}
+\def\nwix@id@uses#1#2{% {ident}{label}
+  \nwix@usecount{#2}\ifnum\nwix@counter>0
+    {\advance\leftskip by \codemargin
+     \nwcodecomment{{\Tt #1}, \@nwlangdepusd\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{\nwix@uses{#2}}.}}%
+  \else
+    \ifnw@hideunuseddefs\else
+      {\advance\leftskip by \codemargin \nwcodecomment{{\Tt #1}, \@nwlangdepnvu.}}%
+    \fi
+  \fi}
+\def\nwidentdefs#1{% list of index pairs
+  \ifnw@hideunuseddefs\nwix@totaluses{#1}\else\nwix@listcount{#1}\fi
+  \ifnum\nwix@counter>0
+    \nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepdfs:}%
+    {\def\\##1{\nwix@id@uses ##1}#1}%
+  \fi}
+\newif\ifnw@hideunuseddefs\nw@hideunuseddefsfalse
+\def\nwopt@hideunuseddefs{\nw@hideunuseddefstrue}
+\def\nwopt@noidentxref{%
+  \let\nwidentdefs\@gobble
+  \let\nwidentuses\@gobble}
+\def\nw@underlinedefs{% {list with \nwixd, \nwixu}
+  \let\\=\relax\def\nw@comma{, }
+  \def\nwixd##1{\\\underline{\subpageref{##1}}\let\\\nw@comma}%
+  \def\nwixu##1{\\\subpageref{##1}\let\\\nw@comma}}
+
+\def\nw@indexline#1#2{%
+   {\indent {\Tt #1}: \nw@underlinedefs\@nameuse{nwixl@#2}\par}}
+
+\newenvironment{thenowebindex}{\parindent=-10pt \parskip=\z@ 
+        \advance\leftskip by 10pt 
+        \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus1in\par\@afterindenttrue
+    \def\\##1{\nw@indexline##1}}{}
+\def\nowebindex{%
+  \@ifundefined{nwixs@i}%
+     {\@warning{The \string\nowebindex\space is empty}}%
+     {\begin{thenowebindex}\@nameuse{nwixs@i}\end{thenowebindex}}}
+\def\nowebindex@external{%
+  {\let\nwixadds@c=\@gobble
+   \def\nwixadds@i##1{\nw@indexline##1}%
+   \def\nwixaddsx##1##2{\@nameuse{nwixadds@##1}{##2}}%
+   \begin{thenowebindex}\@input{\jobname.nwi}\end{thenowebindex}}}
+\def\nwixlogsorted#1#2{% list data
+   \@bsphack\if@filesw 
+     \toks0={#2}\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\nwixadds{#1}{\the\toks0}}
+   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
+\def\nwixadds#1#2{%
+  \@ifundefined{nwixs@#1}%
+    {\global\@namedef{nwixs@#1}{\\{#2}}}%
+    {\expandafter\nwix@cons\csname nwixs@#1\endcsname{\\{#2}}}}
+\let\nwixaddsx=\@gobbletwo
+\def\nwopt@externalindex{%
+  \ifx\nwixadds\@gobbletwo % already called
+  \else
+    \let\nwixaddsx=\nwixadds \let\nwixadds=\@gobbletwo
+    \let\nowebindex=\nowebindex@external
+    \let\nowebchunks=\nowebchunks@external
+  \fi}
+\def\nowebchunks{%
+  \@ifundefined{nwixs@c}%
+     {\@warning{The are no \string\nowebchunks}}%
+     {\begin{thenowebchunks}\@nameuse{nwixs@c}\end{thenowebchunks}}}
+\def\nowebchunks@external{%
+  {\let\nwixadds@i=\@gobble
+   \def\nwixadds@c##1{\nw@onechunk##1}%
+   \def\nwixaddsx##1##2{\@nameuse{nwixadds@##1}{##2}}%
+   \begin{thenowebchunks}\@input{\jobname.nwi}\end{thenowebchunks}}}
+    \@namedef{r@nw@notdef}{{0}{(\@nwlangdepnvd)}}
+\def\nw@chunkunderlinedefs{% {list of labels with \nwixd, \nwixu}
+  \let\\=\relax\def\nw@comma{, }
+  \def\nwixd##1{\\\underline{\subpageref{##1}}\let\\\nw@comma}%
+  \def\nwixu##1{\\\subpageref{##1}\let\\\nw@comma}}
+\def\nw@onechunk#1#2#3{% {name}{label of first definition}{list with \nwixd, \nwixu}
+  \@ifundefined{r@#2}{}{%
+    \indent\LA #1~{\nwtagstyle\subpageref{#2}}\RA 
+    \if@nwlongchunks{~\nw@chunkunderlinedefs#3}\fi\par}}
+\newenvironment{thenowebchunks}{\vskip3pt
+  \parskip=\z@\parindent=-10pt \advance\leftskip by 10pt
+  \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus10pt \@afterindenttrue
+  \def\\##1{\nw@onechunk##1}}{}
+\newif\if@nwlongchunks
+\@nwlongchunksfalse
+\let\nwopt@longchunks\@nwlongchunkstrue
+\newcommand\@nw@hyper@ref{\hyperreference} % naras
+\newcommand\@nw@hyper@anc{\blindhyperanchor} % naras
+\newcommand\@nw@hyperref@ref[2]{\hyperlink{noweb.#1}{#2}}  % nr
+\newcommand\@nw@hyperref@anc[1]{\hypertarget{noweb.#1}{\relax}}  % nr
+%%\renewcommand\@nw@hyperref@ref[2]{{#2}}  % nr
+%%\renewcommand\@nw@hyperref@anc[1]{}  % nr
+\newcommand\nwhyperreference{%
+  \@ifundefined{hyperlink}
+    {\@ifundefined{hyperreference}
+       {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@gobble}
+       {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@nw@hyper@ref}}
+    {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@nw@hyperref@ref}%
+  \nwhyperreference
+}
+
+\newcommand\nwblindhyperanchor{%
+  \@ifundefined{hyperlink}
+    {\@ifundefined{hyperreference}
+       {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@gobble}
+       {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@nw@hyper@anc}}
+    {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@nw@hyperref@anc}%
+  \nwblindhyperanchor
+}
+\newcommand\nwanchorto{%
+  \begingroup\let\do\@makeother\dospecials
+     \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \nw@anchorto}
+\newcommand\nw@anchorto[1]{\endgroup\def\nw@next{#1}\nw@anchortofin}
+\newcommand\nw@anchortofin[1]{#1\footnote{See URL \texttt{\nw@next}.}}
+\let\nwanchorname\@gobble
+\newif\ifhtml
+\htmlfalse
+\let\nwixident=\relax
+\def\nwbackslash{\char92}
+\def\nwlbrace{\char123}
+\def\nwrbrace{\char125}
+\def\nwopt@english{%
+  \def\@nwlangdepdef{This definition is continued}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepcud{This code is used}%
+  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Root chunk (not used in this document)}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{This code is written to file}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepchk{chunk}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepchks{chunks}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepin{in}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepand{and}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Uses}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepusd{used}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{never used}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Defines}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{never defined}%
+}
+\let\nwopt@american\nwopt@english
+\def\nwopt@portuges{%
+  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Defini\c{c}\~ao continuada em}%
+  % This definition is continued
+  \def\@nwlangdepcud{C\'odigo usado em}%
+  % This code is used
+  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Fragmento de topo (sem uso no documento)}%
+  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
+  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Este c\'odigo foi escrito no ficheiro}%
+  % This code is written to file
+  \def\@nwlangdepchk{fragmento}%
+  % chunk
+  \def\@nwlangdepchks{fragmentos}%
+  % chunks
+  \def\@nwlangdepin{no(s)}%
+  % in
+  \def\@nwlangdepand{e}%
+  % and
+  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Usa}%
+  % Uses
+  \def\@nwlangdepusd{usado}%
+  % used
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{nunca usado}%
+  % never used
+  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Define}%
+  % Defines
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{nunca definido}%
+  % never defined
+}
+\def\nwopt@frenchb{%
+  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Cette d\'efinition suit}%
+  % This definition is continued
+  \def\@nwlangdepcud{Ce code est employ\'e}%
+  % This code is used
+  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Morceau racine (pas employ\'e dans ce document)}%
+  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
+  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Ce code est \'ecrit aux fichier}%
+  % This code is written to file
+  \def\@nwlangdepchk{le morceau}%
+  % chunk
+  \def\@nwlangdepchks{les morceaux}%
+  % chunks
+  \def\@nwlangdepin{dans}%
+  % in
+  \def\@nwlangdepand{et}%
+  % and
+  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Il emploie}%
+  % Uses
+  \def\@nwlangdepusd{employ\'{e}}%
+  % used
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{jamais employ\'{e}}%
+  % never used
+  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Il d\'{e}fine}%
+  % Defines
+  % Cannot use the accent here: \def\@nwlangdepnvd{jamais d\'{e}fini}%
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{jamais defini}%
+  % never defined
+}
+\let\nwopt@french\nwopt@frenchb
+\def\nwopt@german{%
+  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Diese Definition wird fortgesetzt}%
+  % This definition is continued
+  \def\@nwlangdepcud{Dieser Code wird benutzt}%
+  % This code is used
+  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Hauptteil (nicht in diesem Dokument benutzt)}%
+  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
+  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Dieser Code schreibt man zum File}%
+  % This code is written to file
+  \def\@nwlangdepchk{Teil}%
+  % chunk
+  \def\@nwlangdepchks{Teils}%
+  % chunks
+  \def\@nwlangdepin{im}%
+  % in
+  \def\@nwlangdepand{und}%
+  % and
+  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Benutztt}%
+  % Uses
+  \def\@nwlangdepusd{benutzt}%
+  % used
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{nicht benutzt}%
+  % never used
+  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Definiert}%
+  % Defines
+  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{nicht definiert}%
+  % never defined
+}
+\let\nwopt@ngerman\nwopt@german
+\ifx\languagename\undefined % default is English
+  \noweboptions{english}
+\else
+  \@ifundefined{nwopt@\languagename}
+     {\noweboptions{english}}
+     {\expandafter\noweboptions\expandafter{\languagename}}
+\fi
+% spadcommands are the actual text that you type at the axiom prompt
+\newcommand{\spadcommand}[1]%
+{\begin{flushleft}{\tt #1}\end{flushleft}\vskip .1cm }
+
+% spadgraph are the actual text that you type at the axiom prompt for draw
+\newcommand{\spadgraph}[1]%
+{\begin{flushleft}{\tt #1}\end{flushleft}\vskip .1cm }
+
+% returnType is the type signature returned by the axiom interpreter
+\newcommand{\returnType}[1]%
+{\begin{flushright}{\tt #1}\end{flushright}\vskip .1cm}
+
+% The book begins with some introductory material that is not really
+% listed as a chapter. This creates a header similar to \chapter.
+\newcommand{\pseudoChapter}[1]%
+{\vskip .5in \noindent {\Huge{\bf #1}}\vskip .5in}
+
+% The book begins with some introductory material that is not really
+% listed as a section. This creates a header similar to \section.
+\newcommand{\pseudoSection}[1]%
+{\vskip .25in \noindent {\large{\bf #1}}\vskip .25in}
+
+% spadofFrom records the operation in the index and the domain in the index
+\newcommand{\spadopFrom}[2]{\index{library!operations!#1 @\begingroup \string\tt{} #1 \endgroup}\index{#2}``{\tt #1}''}
+
+% spadfunFrom records the function name and domain in the index
+\newcommand{\spadfunFrom}[2]{{\bf #1}\index{#1 @\begingroup \string\bf{} #1 \endgroup}\index{#2}}
+
+\newcommand\AXIOM{\vskip\parindent\indent{\bf AXIOM}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}
+\newcommand\maxima{\vskip\parindent\noindent{\bf MAXIMA}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}
+\newcommand\yacas{\vskip\parindent\noindent{\bf YACAS}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}