--- author: - 'Albert Krewinkel, John MacFarlane' date: 'August 31, 2017' title: Pandoc Lua Filters --- # Introduction Pandoc has long supported filters, which allow the pandoc abstract syntax tree (AST) to be manipulated between the parsing and the writing phase. Traditional pandoc filters accept a JSON representation of the pandoc AST and produce an altered JSON representation of the AST. They may be written in any programming language, and invoked from pandoc using the `--filter` option. Although traditional filters are very flexible, they have a couple of disadvantages. First, there is some overhead in writing JSON to stdout and reading it from stdin (twice, once on each side of the filter). Second, whether a filter will work will depend on details of the user's environment. A filter may require an interpreter for a certain programming language to be available, as well as a library for manipulating the pandoc AST in JSON form. One cannot simply provide a filter that can be used by anyone who has a certain version of the pandoc executable. Starting with pandoc 2.0, we have made it possible to write filters in lua without any external dependencies at all. A lua interpreter and a lua library for creating pandoc filters is built into the pandoc executable. Pandoc data types are marshalled to lua directly, avoiding the overhead of writing JSON to stdout and reading it from stdin. Here is an example of a lua filter that converts strong emphasis to small caps: ``` lua return { { Strong = function (elem) return pandoc.SmallCaps(elem.c) end, } } ``` or equivalently, ``` lua function Strong(elem) return pandoc.SmallCaps(elem.c) end ``` This says: walk the AST, and when you find a Strong element, replace it with a SmallCaps element with the same content. To run it, save it in a file, say `smallcaps.lua`, and invoke pandoc with `--lua-filter=smallcaps.lua`. Here's a quick performance comparison, using a version of the pandoc manual, MANUAL.txt, and versions of the same filter written in compiled Haskell (`smallcaps`) and interpreted Python (`smallcaps.py`): Command Time -------------------------------------------------- ------- `pandoc MANUAL.txt` 1.01s `pandoc MANUAL.txt --filter ./smallcaps` 1.36s `pandoc MANUAL.txt --filter ./smallcaps.py` 1.40s `pandoc MANUAL.txt --lua-filter ./smallcaps.lua` 1.03s As you can see, the lua filter avoids the substantial overhead associated with marshalling to and from JSON over a pipe. # Lua filter structure Lua filters are tables with element names as keys and values consisting of functions acting on those elements. Filters are expected to be put into separate files and are passed via the `--lua-filter` command-line argument. For example, if a filter is defined in a file `current-date.lua`, then it would be applied like this: pandoc --lua-filter=current-date.lua -f markdown MANUAL.txt The `--lua-filter` can be supplied multiple times, causing the filters to be applied sequentially in the order they were given. If other, non-Lua filters are given as well (via `--filter`), then those are executed *after* all Lua filters have been applied. Pandoc expects each lua file to return a list of filters. The filters in that list are called sequentially, each on the result of the previous filter. If there is no value returned by the filter script, then pandoc will try to generate a single filter by collecting all top-level functions whose names correspond to those of pandoc elements (e.g., `Str`, `Para`, `Meta`, or `Pandoc`). (That is why the two examples above are equivalent.) For each filter, the document is traversed and each element subjected to the filter. Elements for which the filter contains an entry (i.e. a function of the same name) are passed to lua element filtering function. In other words, filter entries will be called for each corresponding element in the document, getting the respective element as input. The return of a filter function must one of the following: - nil: this means that the object should remain unchanged. - a pandoc object: this must be of the same type as the input and will replace the original object. - a list of pandoc objects: these will replace the original object; the list is merged with the neighbors of the orignal objects (spliced into the list the original object belongs to); returning an empty list deletes the object. The function's output must result in an element of the same type as the input. This means a filter function acting on an inline element must return either nil, an inline, or a list of inlines, and a function filtering a block element must return one of nil, a block, or a list of block elements. Pandoc will throw an error if this condition is violated. If there is no function matching the element's node type, then the filtering system will look for a more general fallback function. Two fallback functions are supported, `Inline` and `Block`. Each matches elements of the respective type. Elements without matching functions are left untouched. See [module documentation](#module-pandoc) for a list of pandoc elements. The global `FORMAT` is set to the format of the pandoc writer being used (`html5`, `latex`, etc.), so the behavior of a filter can be made conditional on the eventual output format. # Pandoc Module The `pandoc` lua module is loaded into the filter's lua environment and provides a set of functions and constants to make creation and manipulation of elements easier. The global variable `pandoc` is bound to the module and should generally not be overwritten for this reason. Two major functionalities are provided by the module: element creator functions and access to some of pandoc's main functionalities. ## Element creation Element creator functions like `Str`, `Para`, and `Pandoc` are designed to allow easy creation of new elements that are simple to use and can be read back from the lua environment. Internally, pandoc uses these functions to create the lua objects which are passed to element filter functions. This means that elements created via this module will behave exactly as those elements accessible through the filter function parameter. ## Exposed pandoc functionality Some pandoc functions have been made available in lua: - `walk_block` and `walk_inline` allow filters to be applied inside specific block or inline elements. - `read` allows filters to parse strings into pandoc documents - `pipe` runs an external command with input from and output to strings - `sha1` generates a SHA1 hash - The `mediabag` module allows access to the "mediabag," which stores binary content such as images that may be included in the final document. # Examples ## Macro substitution. The following filter converts the string `{{helloworld}}` into emphasized text "Hello, World". ``` lua return { { Str = function (elem) if elem.text == "{{helloworld}}" then return pandoc.Emph {pandoc.Str "Hello, World"} else return elem end end, } } ``` ## Default metadata file This filter causes metadata defined in an external file (`metadata-file.yaml`) to be used as default values in a document's metadata: ``` lua -- read metadata file into string local metafile = io.open('metadata-file.yaml', 'r') local content = metafile:read("*a") metafile:close() -- get metadata local default_meta = pandoc.read(content, "markdown").meta return { { Meta = function(meta) -- use default metadata field if it hasn't been defined yet. for k, v in pairs(default_meta) do if meta[k] == nil then meta[k] = v end end return meta end, } ``` ## Setting the date in the metadata This filter sets the date in the document's metadata to the current date: ``` lua function Meta(m) m.date = os.date("%B %e, %Y") return m end ``` ## Extracting information about links This filter prints a table of all the URLs linked to in the document, together with the number of links to that URL. ``` lua links = {} function Link (el) if links[el.target] then links[el.target] = links[el.target] + 1 else links[el.target] = 1 end return el end function Doc (blocks, meta) function strCell(str) return {pandoc.Plain{pandoc.Str(str)}} end local caption = {pandoc.Str "Link", pandoc.Space(), pandoc.Str "count"} local aligns = {pandoc.AlignDefault, pandoc.AlignLeft} local widths = {0.8, 0.2} local headers = {strCell "Target", strCell "Count"} local rows = {} for link, count in pairs(links) do rows[#rows + 1] = {strCell(link), strCell(count)} end return pandoc.Doc( {pandoc.Table(caption, aligns, widths, headers, rows)}, meta ) end ``` ## Replacing placeholders with their metadata value Lua filter functions are run in the order > *Inlines → Blocks → Meta → Pandoc*. Passing information from a higher level (e.g., metadata) to a lower level (e.g., inlines) is still possible by using two filters living in the same file: ``` lua local vars = {} function get_vars (meta) for k, v in pairs(meta) do if v.t == 'MetaInlines' then vars["$" .. k .. "$"] = v end end end function replace (el) if vars[el.text] then return pandoc.Span(vars[el.text]) else return el end end return {{Meta = get_vars}, {Str = replace}} ``` If the contents of file `occupations.md` is ``` {.markdown} --- name: Samuel Q. Smith occupation: Professor of Phrenology --- Name : \$name\$ Occupation : \$occupation\$ ``` then running `pandoc --lua-filter=meta-vars.lua occupations.md` will output: ``` {.html}
Name

Samuel Q. Smith

Occupation

Professor of Phrenology

``` ## Modifying pandoc's `MANUAL.txt` for man pages This is the filter we use when converting `MANUAL.txt` to man pages. It converts level-1 headers to uppercase (using `walk_block` to transform inline elements inside headers), removes footnotes, and replaces links with regular text. ``` lua function Header(el) if el.level == 1 then return pandoc.walk_block(el, { Str = function(el) return pandoc.Str(el.text:upper()) end }) end end function Link(el) return el.content end function Note(el) return {} end ``` ## Creating a handout from a paper This filter extracts all the numbered examples, section headers, block quotes, and figures from a document, in addition to any divs with class `handout`. (Note that only blocks at the "outer level" are included; this ignores blocks inside nested constructs, like list items.) ``` lua -- creates a handout from an article, using its headings, -- blockquotes, numbered examples, figures, and any -- Divs with class "handout" function Pandoc(doc) local hblocks = {} for i,el in pairs(doc.blocks) do if (el.t == "Div" and el.classes[1] == "handout") or (el.t == "BlockQuote") or (el.t == "OrderedList" and el.style == "Example") or (el.t == "Para" and #el.c == 1 and el.c[1].t == "Image") or (el.t == "Header") then table.insert(hblocks, el) end end return pandoc.Pandoc(hblocks, doc.meta) end ``` ## Counting words in a document This filter counts the words in the body of a document (omitting metadata like titles and abstracts), including words in code. It should be more accurate than `wc -w` run directly on a Markdown document, since the latter will count markup characters, like the `#` in front of an ATX header, or tags in HTML documents, as words. To run it, `pandoc --lua-filter wordcount.lua myfile.md`. ``` lua -- counts words in a document words = 0 wordcount = { Str = function(el) -- we don't count a word if it's entirely punctuation: if el.text:match("%P") then words = words + 1 end end, Code = function(el) _,n = el.text:gsub("%S+","") words = words + n end, CodeBlock = function(el) _,n = el.text:gsub("%S+","") words = words + n end } function Pandoc(el) -- skip metadata, just count body: pandoc.walk_block(pandoc.Div(el.blocks), wordcount) print(words .. " words in body") os.exit(0) end ``` ## Converting ABC code to music notation This filter replaces code blocks with class `abc` with images created by running their contents through `abcm2ps` and ImageMagick's `convert`. (For more on ABC notation, see .) Images are added to the mediabag. For output to binary formats, pandoc will use images in the mediabag. For textual formats, use `--extract-media` to specify a directory where the files in the mediabag will be written, or (for HTML only) use `--self-contained`. ``` lua -- Pandoc filter to process code blocks with class "abc" containing -- ABC notation into images. -- -- * Assumes that abcm2ps and ImageMagick's convert are in the path. -- * For textual output formats, use --extract-media=abc-images -- * For HTML formats, you may alternatively use --self-contained local filetypes = { html = {"png", "image/png"} , latex = {"pdf", "application/pdf"} } local filetype = filetypes[FORMAT][1] or "png" local mimetype = filetypes[FORMAT][2] or "image/png" local function abc2eps(abc, filetype) local eps = pandoc.pipe("abcm2ps", {"-q", "-O", "-", "-"}, abc) local final = pandoc.pipe("convert", {"-", filetype .. ":-"}, eps) return final end function CodeBlock(block) if block.classes[1] == "abc" then local img = abc2eps(block.text, filetype) local fname = pandoc.sha1(img) .. "." .. filetype pandoc.mediabag.insert(fname, mimetype, img) return pandoc.Para{ pandoc.Image({pandoc.Str("abc tune")}, fname) } end end ``` # Module pandoc Lua functions for pandoc scripts. ## Pandoc Document [`Pandoc (blocks[, meta])`]{#Pandoc} : A complete pandoc document Parameters: `blocks`: : document content `meta`: : document meta data ## MetaValue [`MetaBlocks (blocks)`]{#MetaBlocks} : Meta blocks Parameters: `blocks`: : blocks [`MetaInlines (inlines)`]{#MetaInlines} : Meta inlines Parameters: `inlines`: : inlines [`MetaList (meta_values)`]{#MetaList} : Meta list Parameters: `meta_values`: : list of meta values [`MetaMap (key_value_map)`]{#MetaMap} : Meta map Parameters: `key_value_map`: : a string-indexed map of meta values [`MetaString (str)`]{#MetaString} : Creates string to be used in meta data. Parameters: `str`: : string value [`MetaBool (bool)`]{#MetaBool} : Creates boolean to be used in meta data. Parameters: `bool`: : boolean value ## Blocks [`Block`]{#Block} : Block elements [`BlockQuote (content)`]{#BlockQuote} : Creates a block quote element Parameters: `content`: : block content Returns: block quote element [`BulletList (content)`]{#BulletList} : Creates a bullet (i.e. Parameters: `content`: : list of items Returns: block quote element [`CodeBlock (text[, attr])`]{#CodeBlock} : Creates a code block element Parameters: `text`: : code string `attr`: : element attributes Returns: code block element [`DefinitionList (content)`]{#DefinitionList} : Creates a definition list, containing terms and their explanation. Parameters: `content`: : list of items Returns: block quote element [`Div (content[, attr])`]{#Div} : Creates a div element Parameters: `content`: : block content `attr`: : element attributes Returns: code block element [`Header (level, content[, attr])`]{#Header} : Creates a block quote element. Parameters: `level`: : header level `content`: : inline content `attr`: : element attributes Returns: header element [`HorizontalRule ()`]{#HorizontalRule} : Creates a horizontal rule. Returns: horizontal rule [`LineBlock (content)`]{#LineBlock} : Creates a line block element. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: block quote element [`Null ()`]{#Null} : Creates a null element. Returns: null element [`OrderedList (items[, listAttributes])`]{#OrderedList} : Creates an ordered list. Parameters: `items`: : list items `listAttributes`: : list parameters Returns: [`Para (content)`]{#Para} : Creates a para element. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: block quote element [`Plain (content)`]{#Plain} : Creates a plain element. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: block quote element [`RawBlock (format, text)`]{#RawBlock} : Creates a raw content block of the specified format. Parameters: `format`: : format of content `text`: : string content Returns: block quote element [`Table (caption, aligns, widths, headers, rows)`]{#Table} : Creates a table element. Parameters: `caption`: : table caption `aligns`: : alignments `widths`: : column widths `headers`: : header row `rows`: : table rows Returns: block quote element ## Inline [`Inline`]{#Inline} : Inline element class [`Cite (content, citations)`]{#Cite} : Creates a Cite inline element Parameters: `content`: : List of inlines `citations`: : List of citations Returns: citations element [`Code (text[, attr])`]{#Code} : Creates a Code inline element Parameters: `text`: : brief image description `attr`: : additional attributes Returns: code element [`Emph (content)`]{#Emph} : Creates an inline element representing emphasised text. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: emphasis element [`Image (caption, src[, title[, attr]])`]{#Image} : Creates a Image inline element Parameters: `caption`: : text used to describe the image `src`: : path to the image file `title`: : brief image description `attr`: : additional attributes Returns: image element [`LineBreak ()`]{#LineBreak} : Create a LineBreak inline element Returns: linebreak element [`Link (content, target[, title[, attr]])`]{#Link} : Creates a link inline element, usually a hyperlink. Parameters: `content`: : text for this link `target`: : the link target `title`: : brief link description `attr`: : additional attributes Returns: image element [`Math (mathtype, text)`]{#Math} : Creates a Math element, either inline or displayed. Parameters: `mathtype`: : rendering specifier `text`: : Math content Returns: Math element [`DisplayMath (text)`]{#DisplayMath} : Creates a DisplayMath element (DEPRECATED). Parameters: `text`: : Math content Returns: Math element [`InlineMath (text)`]{#InlineMath} : Creates an InlineMath inline element (DEPRECATED). Parameters: `text`: : Math content Returns: Math element [`Note (content)`]{#Note} : Creates a Note inline element Parameters: `content`: : footnote block content [`Quoted (quotetype, content)`]{#Quoted} : Creates a Quoted inline element given the quote type and quoted content. Parameters: `quotetype`: : type of quotes to be used `content`: : inline content Returns: quoted element [`SingleQuoted (content)`]{#SingleQuoted} : Creates a single-quoted inline element (DEPRECATED). Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: quoted element See also: [Quoted](#Quoted) [`DoubleQuoted (content)`]{#DoubleQuoted} : Creates a single-quoted inline element (DEPRECATED). Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: quoted element See also: [Quoted](#Quoted) [`RawInline (format, text)`]{#RawInline} : Creates a RawInline inline element Parameters: `format`: : format of the contents `text`: : string content Returns: raw inline element [`SmallCaps (content)`]{#SmallCaps} : Creates text rendered in small caps Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: smallcaps element [`SoftBreak ()`]{#SoftBreak} : Creates a SoftBreak inline element. Returns: softbreak element [`Space ()`]{#Space} : Create a Space inline element Returns: space element [`Span (content[, attr])`]{#Span} : Creates a Span inline element Parameters: `content`: : inline content `attr`: : additional attributes Returns: span element [`Str (text)`]{#Str} : Creates a Str inline element Parameters: `text`: : content Returns: string element [`Strikeout (content)`]{#Strikeout} : Creates text which is striked out. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: strikeout element [`Strong (content)`]{#Strong} : Creates a Strong element, whose text is usually displayed in a bold font. Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: strong element [`Subscript (content)`]{#Subscript} : Creates a Subscript inline element Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: subscript element [`Superscript (content)`]{#Superscript} : Creates a Superscript inline element Parameters: `content`: : inline content Returns: strong element ## Helpers [`Attr ([identifier[, classes[, attributes]]])`]{#Attr} : Create a new set of attributes (Attr). Parameters: `identifier`: : element identifier `classes`: : element classes `attributes`: : table containing string keys and values Returns: element attributes [`Citation (id, mode[, prefix[, suffix[, note_num[, hash]]]])`]{#Citation} : Creates a single citation. Parameters: `id`: : citation identifier (like a bibtex key) `mode`: : citation mode `prefix`: : citation prefix `suffix`: : citation suffix `note_num`: : note number `hash`: : hash number ## Constants [`AuthorInText`]{#AuthorInText} : Author name is mentioned in the text. See also: [Citation](#Citation) [`SuppressAuthor`]{#SuppressAuthor} : Author name is suppressed. See also: [Citation](#Citation) [`NormalCitation`]{#NormalCitation} : Default citation style is used. See also: [Citation](#Citation) [`AlignLeft`]{#AlignLeft} : Table cells aligned left. See also: [Table](#Table) [`AlignRight`]{#AlignRight} : Table cells right-aligned. See also: [Table](#Table) [`AlignCenter`]{#AlignCenter} : Table cell content is centered. See also: [Table](#Table) [`AlignDefault`]{#AlignDefault} : Table cells are alignment is unaltered. See also: [Table](#Table) [`DefaultDelim`]{#DefaultDelim} : Default list number delimiters are used. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`Period`]{#Period} : List numbers are delimited by a period. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`OneParen`]{#OneParen} : List numbers are delimited by a single parenthesis. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`TwoParens`]{#TwoParens} : List numbers are delimited by a double parentheses. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`DefaultStyle`]{#DefaultStyle} : List are numbered in the default style See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`Example`]{#Example} : List items are numbered as examples. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`Decimal`]{#Decimal} : List are numbered using decimal integers. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`LowerRoman`]{#LowerRoman} : List are numbered using lower-case roman numerals. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`UpperRoman`]{#UpperRoman} : List are numbered using upper-case roman numerals See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`LowerAlpha`]{#LowerAlpha} : List are numbered using lower-case alphabetic characters. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) [`UpperAlpha`]{#UpperAlpha} : List are numbered using upper-case alphabetic characters. See also: [OrderedList](#OrderedList) ## Helper Functions [`walk_block (element, filter)`]{#walk_block} : Apply a filter inside a block element, walking its contents. Parameters: `element`: : the block element `filter`: : a lua filter (table of functions) to be applied within the block element Returns: the transformed block element [`walk_inline (element, filter)`]{#walk_inline} : Apply a filter inside an inline element, walking its contents. Parameters: `element`: : the inline element `filter`: : a lua filter (table of functions) to be applied within the inline element Returns: the transformed inline element [`read (markup[, format])`]{#read} : Parse the given string into a Pandoc document. Parameters: `markup`: : the markup to be parsed `format`: : format specification, defaults to \"markdown\". Returns: pandoc document Usage: local org_markup = "/emphasis/" -- Input to be read local document = pandoc.read(org_markup, "org") -- Get the first block of the document local block = document.blocks[1] -- The inline element in that block is an `Emph` assert(block.content[1].t == "Emph") [`global_filter ()`]{#global_filter} : Use functions defined in the global namespace to create a pandoc filter. Returns: A list of filter functions Usage: -- within a file defining a pandoc filter: function Str(text) return pandoc.Str(utf8.upper(text)) end return {pandoc.global_filter()} -- the above is equivallent to -- return {{Str = Str}} [`sha1 (contents)`]{#mediabag-sha1} : Returns the SHA1 has of the contents. Returns: - SHA1 hash of the contents. Usage: local fp = pandoc.mediabag.sha1("foobar") [`pipe (command, args, input)`]{#mediabag-sha1} : Runs command with arguments, passing it some input, and returns the output. Returns: - Output of command. Raises: - A table containing the keys `command`, `error_code`, and `output` is thrown if the command exits with a non-zero error code. Usage: local output = pandoc.pipe("sed", {"-e","s/a/b/"}, "abc") # Submodule mediabag The submodule `mediabag` allows accessing pandoc's media storage. The "media bag" is used when pandoc is called with the `--extract-media` or `--standalone`/`-s` option. [`insert (filepath, mime_type, contents)`]{#mediabag-insert} : Adds a new entry to pandoc's media bag. Parameters: `filepath`: : filename and path relative to the output folder. `mime_type`: : the file's MIME type `contents`: : the binary contents of the file. Usage: local fp = "media/hello.txt" local mt = "text/plain" local contents = "Hello, World!" pandoc.mediabag(fp, mt, contents) [`list ()`]{#mediabag-list} : Get a summary of the current media bag contents. Returns: A list of elements summarizing each entry in the media bag. The summary item contains the keys `path`, `type`, and `length`, giving the filepath, MIME type, and length of contents in bytes, respectively. Usage: -- calculate the size of the media bag. local mb_items = pandoc.mediabag.list() local sum = 0 for i = 1, #mb_items: sum = sum + mb_items[i].length end print(sum) [`lookup (filepath)`]{#mediabag-lookup} : Lookup a media item in the media bag, returning mime type and contents. Parameters: `filepath`: : name of the file to look up. Returns: - the entries MIME type, or nil if the file was not found. - contents of the file, or nil if the file was not found. Usage: local filename = "media/diagram.png" local mt, contents = pandoc.mediabag.lookup(filename) [`fetch (source, base_url)`]{#mediabag-fetch} : Fetches the given source from a URL or local file. Returns two values: the contents of the file and the mime type (or an empty string). Returns: - the entries MIME type, or nil if the file was not found. - contents of the file, or nil if the file was not found. Usage: local diagram_url = "https://pandoc.org/diagram.jpg" local contents = pandoc.mediabag.fetch(diagram_url, ".")