$title$

` tags (or `

` tags for `html4`), and attach identifiers to the enclosing `

` (or `

`) rather than the header itself. See [Header identifiers], below. `--email-obfuscation=none`|`javascript`|`references` : Specify a method for obfuscating `mailto:` links in HTML documents. `none` leaves `mailto:` links as they are. `javascript` obfuscates them using JavaScript. `references` obfuscates them by printing their letters as decimal or hexadecimal character references. The default is `none`. `--id-prefix=`*STRING* : Specify a prefix to be added to all identifiers and internal links in HTML and DocBook output, and to footnote numbers in Markdown and Haddock output. This is useful for preventing duplicate identifiers when generating fragments to be included in other pages. `-T` *STRING*, `--title-prefix=`*STRING* : Specify *STRING* as a prefix at the beginning of the title that appears in the HTML header (but not in the title as it appears at the beginning of the HTML body). Implies `--standalone`. `-c` *URL*, `--css=`*URL* : Link to a CSS style sheet. This option can be used repeatedly to include multiple files. They will be included in the order specified. A stylesheet is required for generating EPUB. If none is provided using this option (or the `css` or `stylesheet` metadata fields), pandoc will look for a file `epub.css` in the user data directory (see `--data-dir`). If it is not found there, sensible defaults will be used. `--reference-doc=`*FILE* : Use the specified file as a style reference in producing a docx or ODT file. Docx : For best results, the reference docx should be a modified version of a docx file produced using pandoc. The contents of the reference docx are ignored, but its stylesheets and document properties (including margins, page size, header, and footer) are used in the new docx. If no reference docx is specified on the command line, pandoc will look for a file `reference.docx` in the user data directory (see `--data-dir`). If this is not found either, sensible defaults will be used. To produce a custom `reference.docx`, first get a copy of the default `reference.docx`: `pandoc --print-default-data-file reference.docx > custom-reference.docx`. Then open `custom-reference.docx` in Word, modify the styles as you wish, and save the file. For best results, do not make changes to this file other than modifying the styles used by pandoc: [paragraph] Normal, Body Text, First Paragraph, Compact, Title, Subtitle, Author, Date, Abstract, Bibliography, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, Heading 4, Heading 5, Heading 6, Heading 7, Heading 8, Heading 9, Block Text, Footnote Text, Definition Term, Definition, Caption, Table Caption, Image Caption, Figure, Captioned Figure, TOC Heading; [character] Default Paragraph Font, Body Text Char, Verbatim Char, Footnote Reference, Hyperlink; [table] Table. ODT : For best results, the reference ODT should be a modified version of an ODT produced using pandoc. The contents of the reference ODT are ignored, but its stylesheets are used in the new ODT. If no reference ODT is specified on the command line, pandoc will look for a file `reference.odt` in the user data directory (see `--data-dir`). If this is not found either, sensible defaults will be used. To produce a custom `reference.odt`, first get a copy of the default `reference.odt`: `pandoc --print-default-data-file reference.odt > custom-reference.odt`. Then open `custom-reference.odt` in LibreOffice, modify the styles as you wish, and save the file. PowerPoint : Any template included with a recent install of Microsoft PowerPoint (either with `.pptx` or `.potx` extension) should work, as will most templates derived from these. The specific requirement is that the template should contain the following four layouts as its first four layouts: 1. Title Slide 2. Title and Content 3. Section Header 4. Two Content All templates included with a recent version of MS PowerPoint will fit these criteria. (You can click on `Layout` under the `Home` menu to check.) You can also modify the default `reference.pptx`: first run `pandoc --print-default-data-file reference.pptx > custom-reference.pptx`, and then modify `custom-reference.pptx` in MS PowerPoint (pandoc will use the first four layout slides, as mentioned above). `--epub-cover-image=`*FILE* : Use the specified image as the EPUB cover. It is recommended that the image be less than 1000px in width and height. Note that in a Markdown source document you can also specify `cover-image` in a YAML metadata block (see [EPUB Metadata], below). `--epub-metadata=`*FILE* : Look in the specified XML file for metadata for the EPUB. The file should contain a series of [Dublin Core elements]. For example: Creative Commons es-AR By default, pandoc will include the following metadata elements: `` (from the document title), `` (from the document authors), `` (from the document date, which should be in [ISO 8601 format]), `` (from the `lang` variable, or, if is not set, the locale), and `` (a randomly generated UUID). Any of these may be overridden by elements in the metadata file. Note: if the source document is Markdown, a YAML metadata block in the document can be used instead. See below under [EPUB Metadata]. `--epub-embed-font=`*FILE* : Embed the specified font in the EPUB. This option can be repeated to embed multiple fonts. Wildcards can also be used: for example, `DejaVuSans-*.ttf`. However, if you use wildcards on the command line, be sure to escape them or put the whole filename in single quotes, to prevent them from being interpreted by the shell. To use the embedded fonts, you will need to add declarations like the following to your CSS (see `--css`): @font-face { font-family: DejaVuSans; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src:url("DejaVuSans-Regular.ttf"); } @font-face { font-family: DejaVuSans; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; src:url("DejaVuSans-Bold.ttf"); } @font-face { font-family: DejaVuSans; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; src:url("DejaVuSans-Oblique.ttf"); } @font-face { font-family: DejaVuSans; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; src:url("DejaVuSans-BoldOblique.ttf"); } body { font-family: "DejaVuSans"; } `--epub-chapter-level=`*NUMBER* : Specify the header level at which to split the EPUB into separate "chapter" files. The default is to split into chapters at level 1 headers. This option only affects the internal composition of the EPUB, not the way chapters and sections are displayed to users. Some readers may be slow if the chapter files are too large, so for large documents with few level 1 headers, one might want to use a chapter level of 2 or 3. `--epub-subdirectory=`*DIRNAME* : Specify the subdirectory in the OCF container that is to hold the EPUB-specific contents. The default is `EPUB`. To put the EPUB contents in the top level, use an empty string. `--pdf-engine=pdflatex`|`lualatex`|`xelatex`|`wkhtmltopdf`|`weasyprint`|`prince`|`context`|`pdfroff` : Use the specified engine when producing PDF output. The default is `pdflatex`. If the engine is not in your PATH, the full path of the engine may be specified here. `--pdf-engine-opt=`*STRING* : Use the given string as a command-line argument to the `pdf-engine`. If used multiple times, the arguments are provided with spaces between them. Note that no check for duplicate options is done. [Dublin Core elements]: http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ [ISO 8601 format]: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime [Encoding issue with the listings package]: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Source_Code_Listings#Encoding_issue Citation rendering {.options} ------------------ `--bibliography=`*FILE* : Set the `bibliography` field in the document's metadata to *FILE*, overriding any value set in the metadata, and process citations using `pandoc-citeproc`. (This is equivalent to `--metadata bibliography=FILE --filter pandoc-citeproc`.) If `--natbib` or `--biblatex` is also supplied, `pandoc-citeproc` is not used, making this equivalent to `--metadata bibliography=FILE`. If you supply this argument multiple times, each *FILE* will be added to bibliography. `--csl=`*FILE* : Set the `csl` field in the document's metadata to *FILE*, overriding any value set in the metadata. (This is equivalent to `--metadata csl=FILE`.) This option is only relevant with `pandoc-citeproc`. `--citation-abbreviations=`*FILE* : Set the `citation-abbreviations` field in the document's metadata to *FILE*, overriding any value set in the metadata. (This is equivalent to `--metadata citation-abbreviations=FILE`.) This option is only relevant with `pandoc-citeproc`. `--natbib` : Use [`natbib`] for citations in LaTeX output. This option is not for use with the `pandoc-citeproc` filter or with PDF output. It is intended for use in producing a LaTeX file that can be processed with [`bibtex`]. `--biblatex` : Use [`biblatex`] for citations in LaTeX output. This option is not for use with the `pandoc-citeproc` filter or with PDF output. It is intended for use in producing a LaTeX file that can be processed with [`bibtex`] or [`biber`]. Math rendering in HTML {.options} ---------------------- The default is to render TeX math as far as possible using Unicode characters. Formulas are put inside a `span` with `class="math"`, so that they may be styled differently from the surrounding text if needed. However, this gives acceptable results only for basic math, usually you will want to use `--mathjax` or another of the following options. `--mathjax`[`=`*URL*] : Use [MathJax] to display embedded TeX math in HTML output. TeX math will be put between `$...$` (for inline math) or `\[...\]` (for display math) and wrapped in `` tags with class `math`. Then the MathJax JavaScript will render it. The *URL* should point to the `MathJax.js` load script. If a *URL* is not provided, a link to the Cloudflare CDN will be inserted. `--mathml` : Convert TeX math to [MathML] (in `epub3`, `docbook4`, `docbook5`, `jats`, `html4` and `html5`). This is the default in `odt` output. Note that currently only Firefox and Safari (and select e-book readers) natively support MathML. `--webtex`[`=`*URL*] : Convert TeX formulas to `` tags that link to an external script that converts formulas to images. The formula will be URL-encoded and concatenated with the URL provided. For SVG images you can for example use `--webtex https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.latex?`. If no URL is specified, the CodeCogs URL generating PNGs will be used (`https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?`). Note: the `--webtex` option will affect Markdown output as well as HTML, which is useful if you're targeting a version of Markdown without native math support. `--katex`[`=`*URL*] : Use [KaTeX] to display embedded TeX math in HTML output. The *URL* is the base URL for the KaTeX library. That directory should contain a `katex.min.js` and a `katex.min.css` file. If a *URL* is not provided, a link to the KaTeX CDN will be inserted. `--gladtex` : Enclose TeX math in `` tags in HTML output. The resulting HTML can then be processed by [GladTeX] to produce images of the typeset formulas and an HTML file with links to these images. So, the procedure is: pandoc -s --gladtex input.md -o myfile.htex gladtex -d myfile-images myfile.htex # produces myfile.html and images in myfile-images [MathML]: http://www.w3.org/Math/ [MathJax]: https://www.mathjax.org [KaTeX]: https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX [GladTeX]: http://humenda.github.io/GladTeX/ Options for wrapper scripts {.options} --------------------------- `--dump-args` : Print information about command-line arguments to *stdout*, then exit. This option is intended primarily for use in wrapper scripts. The first line of output contains the name of the output file specified with the `-o` option, or `-` (for *stdout*) if no output file was specified. The remaining lines contain the command-line arguments, one per line, in the order they appear. These do not include regular pandoc options and their arguments, but do include any options appearing after a `--` separator at the end of the line. `--ignore-args` : Ignore command-line arguments (for use in wrapper scripts). Regular pandoc options are not ignored. Thus, for example, pandoc --ignore-args -o foo.html -s foo.txt -- -e latin1 is equivalent to pandoc -o foo.html -s Templates ========= When the `-s/--standalone` option is used, pandoc uses a template to add header and footer material that is needed for a self-standing document. To see the default template that is used, just type pandoc -D *FORMAT* where *FORMAT* is the name of the output format. A custom template can be specified using the `--template` option. You can also override the system default templates for a given output format *FORMAT* by putting a file `templates/default.*FORMAT*` in the user data directory (see `--data-dir`, above). *Exceptions:* - For `odt` output, customize the `default.opendocument` template. - For `pdf` output, customize the `default.latex` template (or the `default.context` template, if you use `-t context`, or the `default.ms` template, if you use `-t ms`, or the `default.html` template, if you use `-t html`). - `docx` has no template (however, you can use `--reference-doc` to customize the output). Templates contain *variables*, which allow for the inclusion of arbitrary information at any point in the file. They may be set at the command line using the `-V/--variable` option. If a variable is not set, pandoc will look for the key in the document's metadata – which can be set using either [YAML metadata blocks][Extension: `yaml_metadata_block`] or with the `--metadata` option. Variables set by pandoc ----------------------- Some variables are set automatically by pandoc. These vary somewhat depending on the output format, but include the following: `sourcefile`, `outputfile` : source and destination filenames, as given on the command line. `sourcefile` can also be a list if input comes from multiple files, or empty if input is from stdin. You can use the following snippet in your template to distinguish them: $if(sourcefile)$ $for(sourcefile)$ $sourcefile$ $endfor$ $else$ (stdin) $endif$ Similarly, `outputfile` can be `-` if output goes to the terminal. `title`, `author`, `date` : allow identification of basic aspects of the document. Included in PDF metadata through LaTeX and ConTeXt. These can be set through a [pandoc title block][Extension: `pandoc_title_block`], which allows for multiple authors, or through a YAML metadata block: --- author: - Aristotle - Peter Abelard ... `subtitle` : document subtitle, included in HTML, EPUB, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and Word docx; renders in LaTeX only when using a document class that supports `\subtitle`, such as `beamer` or the [KOMA-Script] series (`scrartcl`, `scrreprt`, `scrbook`).[^subtitle] `institute` : author affiliations (in LaTeX and Beamer only). Can be a list, when there are multiple authors. `abstract` : document summary, included in LaTeX, ConTeXt, AsciiDoc, and Word docx `keywords` : list of keywords to be included in HTML, PDF, and AsciiDoc metadata; may be repeated as for `author`, above `header-includes` : contents specified by `-H/--include-in-header` (may have multiple values) `toc` : non-null value if `--toc/--table-of-contents` was specified `toc-title` : title of table of contents (works only with EPUB, opendocument, odt, docx, pptx, beamer, LaTeX) `include-before` : contents specified by `-B/--include-before-body` (may have multiple values) `include-after` : contents specified by `-A/--include-after-body` (may have multiple values) `body` : body of document `meta-json` : JSON representation of all of the document's metadata. Field values are transformed to the selected output format. [^subtitle]: To make `subtitle` work with other LaTeX document classes, you can add the following to `header-includes`: \providecommand{\subtitle}[1]{% \usepackage{titling} \posttitle{% \par\large#1\end{center}} } Language variables ------------------ `lang` : identifies the main language of the document, using a code according to [BCP 47] (e.g. `en` or `en-GB`). For some output formats, pandoc will convert it to an appropriate format stored in the additional variables `babel-lang`, `polyglossia-lang` (LaTeX) and `context-lang` (ConTeXt). Native pandoc Spans and Divs with the lang attribute (value in BCP 47) can be used to switch the language in that range. In LaTeX output, `babel-otherlangs` and `polyglossia-otherlangs` variables will be generated automatically based on the `lang` attributes of Spans and Divs in the document. `dir` : the base direction of the document, either `rtl` (right-to-left) or `ltr` (left-to-right). For bidirectional documents, native pandoc `span`s and `div`s with the `dir` attribute (value `rtl` or `ltr`) can be used to override the base direction in some output formats. This may not always be necessary if the final renderer (e.g. the browser, when generating HTML) supports the [Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm]. When using LaTeX for bidirectional documents, only the `xelatex` engine is fully supported (use `--pdf-engine=xelatex`). [BCP 47]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47 [Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm]: http://www.w3.org/International/articles/inline-bidi-markup/uba-basics Variables for slides -------------------- Variables are available for [producing slide shows with pandoc], including all [reveal.js configuration options]. `titlegraphic` : title graphic for Beamer documents `logo` : logo for Beamer documents `slidy-url` : base URL for Slidy documents (defaults to `https://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2`) `slideous-url` : base URL for Slideous documents (defaults to `slideous`) `s5-url` : base URL for S5 documents (defaults to `s5/default`) `revealjs-url` : base URL for reveal.js documents (defaults to `reveal.js`) `theme`, `colortheme`, `fonttheme`, `innertheme`, `outertheme` : themes for LaTeX [`beamer`] documents `themeoptions` : options for LaTeX beamer themes (a list). `navigation` : controls navigation symbols in `beamer` documents (default is `empty` for no navigation symbols; other valid values are `frame`, `vertical`, and `horizontal`). `section-titles` : enables on "title pages" for new sections in `beamer` documents (default = true). `beamerarticle` : when true, the `beamerarticle` package is loaded (for producing an article from beamer slides). `aspectratio` : aspect ratio of slides (for beamer only, `1610` for 16:10, `169` for 16:9, `149` for 14:9, `141` for 1.41:1, `54` for 5:4, `43` for 4:3 which is the default, and `32` for 3:2). [reveal.js configuration options]: https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#configuration Variables for LaTeX ------------------- LaTeX variables are used when [creating a PDF]. `papersize` : paper size, e.g. `letter`, `a4` `fontsize` : font size for body text (e.g. `10pt`, `12pt`) `documentclass` : document class, e.g. [`article`], [`report`], [`book`], [`memoir`] `classoption` : option for document class, e.g. `oneside`; may be repeated for multiple options `beameroption` : In beamer, add extra beamer option with `\setbeameroption{}` `geometry` : option for [`geometry`] package, e.g. `margin=1in`; may be repeated for multiple options `margin-left`, `margin-right`, `margin-top`, `margin-bottom` : sets margins, if `geometry` is not used (otherwise `geometry` overrides these) `linestretch` : adjusts line spacing using the [`setspace`] package, e.g. `1.25`, `1.5` `fontfamily` : font package for use with `pdflatex`: [TeX Live] includes many options, documented in the [LaTeX Font Catalogue]. The default is [Latin Modern][`lm`]. `fontfamilyoptions` : options for package used as `fontfamily`: e.g. `osf,sc` with `fontfamily` set to [`mathpazo`] provides Palatino with old-style figures and true small caps; may be repeated for multiple options `mainfont`, `romanfont`, `sansfont`, `monofont`, `mathfont`, `CJKmainfont` : font families for use with `xelatex` or `lualatex`: take the name of any system font, using the [`fontspec`] package. Note that if `CJKmainfont` is used, the [`xecjk`] package must be available. `mainfontoptions`, `romanfontoptions`, `sansfontoptions`, `monofontoptions`, `mathfontoptions`, `CJKoptions` : options to use with `mainfont`, `sansfont`, `monofont`, `mathfont`, `CJKmainfont` in `xelatex` and `lualatex`. Allow for any choices available through [`fontspec`], such as the OpenType features `Numbers=OldStyle,Numbers=Proportional`. May be repeated for multiple options. `fontenc` : allows font encoding to be specified through `fontenc` package (with `pdflatex`); default is `T1` (see guide to [LaTeX font encodings]) `microtypeoptions` : options to pass to the microtype package `colorlinks` : add color to link text; automatically enabled if any of `linkcolor`, `filecolor`, `citecolor`, `urlcolor`, or `toccolor` are set `linkcolor`, `filecolor`, `citecolor`, `urlcolor`, `toccolor` : color for internal links, external links, citation links, linked URLs, and links in table of contents, respectively: uses options allowed by [`xcolor`], including the `dvipsnames`, `svgnames`, and `x11names` lists `links-as-notes` : causes links to be printed as footnotes `indent` : uses document class settings for indentation (the default LaTeX template otherwise removes indentation and adds space between paragraphs) `subparagraph` : disables default behavior of LaTeX template that redefines (sub)paragraphs as sections, changing the appearance of nested headings in some classes `thanks` : specifies contents of acknowledgments footnote after document title. `toc` : include table of contents (can also be set using `--toc/--table-of-contents`) `toc-depth` : level of section to include in table of contents `secnumdepth` : numbering depth for sections, if sections are numbered `lof`, `lot` : include list of figures, list of tables `bibliography` : bibliography to use for resolving references `biblio-style` : bibliography style, when used with `--natbib` and `--biblatex`. `biblio-title` : bibliography title, when used with `--natbib` and `--biblatex`. `biblatexoptions` : list of options for biblatex. `natbiboptions` : list of options for natbib. `pagestyle` : An option for LaTeX's `\pagestyle{}`. The default article class supports 'plain' (default), 'empty', and 'headings'; headings puts section titles in the header. [`article`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/article [`report`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/report [`book`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/book [KOMA-Script]: https://ctan.org/pkg/koma-script [`memoir`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/memoir [`xcolor`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor [LaTeX Font Catalogue]: http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/ [`mathpazo`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/mathpazo [LaTeX font encodings]: https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide Variables for ConTeXt --------------------- `papersize` : paper size, e.g. `letter`, `A4`, `landscape` (see [ConTeXt Paper Setup]); may be repeated for multiple options `layout` : options for page margins and text arrangement (see [ConTeXt Layout]); may be repeated for multiple options `margin-left`, `margin-right`, `margin-top`, `margin-bottom` : sets margins, if `layout` is not used (otherwise `layout` overrides these) `fontsize` : font size for body text (e.g. `10pt`, `12pt`) `mainfont`, `sansfont`, `monofont`, `mathfont` : font families: take the name of any system font (see [ConTeXt Font Switching]) `linkcolor`, `contrastcolor` : color for links outside and inside a page, e.g. `red`, `blue` (see [ConTeXt Color]) `linkstyle` : typeface style for links, e.g. `normal`, `bold`, `slanted`, `boldslanted`, `type`, `cap`, `small` `indenting` : controls indentation of paragraphs, e.g. `yes,small,next` (see [ConTeXt Indentation]); may be repeated for multiple options `whitespace` : spacing between paragraphs, e.g. `none`, `small` (using [`setupwhitespace`]) `interlinespace` : adjusts line spacing, e.g. `4ex` (using [`setupinterlinespace`]); may be repeated for multiple options `headertext`, `footertext` : text to be placed in running header or footer (see [ConTeXt Headers and Footers]); may be repeated up to four times for different placement `pagenumbering` : page number style and location (using [`setuppagenumbering`]); may be repeated for multiple options `toc` : include table of contents (can also be set using `--toc/--table-of-contents`) `lof`, `lot` : include list of figures, list of tables `pdfa` : adds to the preamble the setup necessary to generate PDF/A-1b:2005. To successfully generate PDF/A the required ICC color profiles have to be available and the content and all included files (such as images) have to be standard conforming. The ICC profiles can be obtained from [ConTeXt ICC Profiles]. See also [ConTeXt PDFA] for more details. [ConTeXt Paper Setup]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/PaperSetup [ConTeXt Layout]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Layout [ConTeXt Font Switching]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Font_Switching [ConTeXt Color]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Color [ConTeXt Headers and Footers]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Headers_and_Footers [ConTeXt Indentation]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Indentation [ConTeXt ICC Profiles]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/PDFX#ICC_profiles [ConTeXt PDFA]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/PDF/A [`setupwhitespace`]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Command/setupwhitespace [`setupinterlinespace`]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Command/setupinterlinespace [`setuppagenumbering`]: https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Command/setuppagenumbering Variables for man pages ----------------------- `section` : section number in man pages `header` : header in man pages `footer` : footer in man pages `adjusting` : adjusts text to left (`l`), right (`r`), center (`c`), or both (`b`) margins `hyphenate` : if `true` (the default), hyphenation will be used Variables for ms ---------------- `pointsize` : point size (e.g. `10p`) `lineheight` : line height (e.g. `12p`) `fontfamily` : font family (e.g. `T` or `P`) `indent` : paragraph indent (e.g. `2m`) Using variables in templates ---------------------------- Variable names are sequences of alphanumerics, `-`, and `_`, starting with a letter. A variable name surrounded by `$` signs will be replaced by its value. For example, the string `$title$` in $title$ will be replaced by the document title. To write a literal `$` in a template, use `$$`. Templates may contain conditionals. The syntax is as follows: $if(variable)$ X $else$ Y $endif$ This will include `X` in the template if `variable` has a truthy value; otherwise it will include `Y`. Here a truthy value is any of the following: - a string that is not entirely white space, - a non-empty array where the first value is truthy, - any number (including zero), - any object, - the boolean `true` (to specify the boolean `true` value using YAML metadata or the `--metadata` flag, use `true`, `True`, or `TRUE`; with the `--variable` flag, simply omit a value for the variable, e.g. `--variable draft`). `X` and `Y` are placeholders for any valid template text, and may include interpolated variables or other conditionals. The `$else$` section may be omitted. When variables can have multiple values (for example, `author` in a multi-author document), you can use the `$for$` keyword: $for(author)$ $endfor$ You can optionally specify a separator to be used between consecutive items: $for(author)$$author$$sep$, $endfor$ A dot can be used to select a field of a variable that takes an object as its value. So, for example: $author.name$ ($author.affiliation$) If you use custom templates, you may need to revise them as pandoc changes. We recommend tracking the changes in the default templates, and modifying your custom templates accordingly. An easy way to do this is to fork the [pandoc-templates] repository and merge in changes after each pandoc release. Templates may contain comments: anything on a line after `$--` will be treated as a comment and ignored. [pandoc-templates]: https://github.com/jgm/pandoc-templates Extensions ========== The behavior of some of the readers and writers can be adjusted by enabling or disabling various extensions. An extension can be enabled by adding `+EXTENSION` to the format name and disabled by adding `-EXTENSION`. For example, `--from markdown_strict+footnotes` is strict Markdown with footnotes enabled, while `--from markdown-footnotes-pipe_tables` is pandoc's Markdown without footnotes or pipe tables. The markdown reader and writer make by far the most use of extensions. Extensions only used by them are therefore covered in the section [Pandoc's Markdown] below (See [Markdown variants] for `commonmark` and `gfm`.) In the following, extensions that also work for other formats are covered. Typography ---------- #### Extension: `smart` #### Interpret straight quotes as curly quotes, `---` as em-dashes, `--` as en-dashes, and `...` as ellipses. Nonbreaking spaces are inserted after certain abbreviations, such as "Mr." This extension can be enabled/disabled for the following formats: input formats : `markdown`, `commonmark`, `latex`, `mediawiki`, `org`, `rst`, `twiki` output formats : `markdown`, `latex`, `context`, `rst` enabled by default in : `markdown`, `latex`, `context` (both input and output) Note: If you are *writing* Markdown, then the `smart` extension has the reverse effect: what would have been curly quotes comes out straight. In LaTeX, `smart` means to use the standard TeX ligatures for quotation marks (` `` ` and ` '' ` for double quotes, `` ` `` and `` ' `` for single quotes) and dashes (`--` for en-dash and `---` for em-dash). If `smart` is disabled, then in reading LaTeX pandoc will parse these characters literally. In writing LaTeX, enabling `smart` tells pandoc to use the ligatures when possible; if `smart` is disabled pandoc will use unicode quotation mark and dash characters. Headers and sections -------------------- #### Extension: `auto_identifiers` #### A header without an explicitly specified identifier will be automatically assigned a unique identifier based on the header text. This extension can be enabled/disabled for the following formats: input formats : `markdown`, `latex`, `rst`, `mediawiki`, `textile` output formats : `markdown`, `muse` enabled by default in : `markdown`, `muse` The algorithm used to derive the identifier from the header text is: - Remove all formatting, links, etc. - Remove all footnotes. - Remove all punctuation, except underscores, hyphens, and periods. - Replace all spaces and newlines with hyphens. - Convert all alphabetic characters to lowercase. - Remove everything up to the first letter (identifiers may not begin with a number or punctuation mark). - If nothing is left after this, use the identifier `section`. Thus, for example, Header Identifier ------------------------------- ---------------------------- `Header identifiers in HTML` `header-identifiers-in-html` `*Dogs*?--in *my* house?` `dogs--in-my-house` `[HTML], [S5], or [RTF]?` `html-s5-or-rtf` `3. Applications` `applications` `33` `section` These rules should, in most cases, allow one to determine the identifier from the header text. The exception is when several headers have the same text; in this case, the first will get an identifier as described above; the second will get the same identifier with `-1` appended; the third with `-2`; and so on. These identifiers are used to provide link targets in the table of contents generated by the `--toc|--table-of-contents` option. They also make it easy to provide links from one section of a document to another. A link to this section, for example, might look like this: See the section on [header identifiers](#header-identifiers-in-html-latex-and-context). Note, however, that this method of providing links to sections works only in HTML, LaTeX, and ConTeXt formats. If the `--section-divs` option is specified, then each section will be wrapped in a `section` (or a `div`, if `html4` was specified), and the identifier will be attached to the enclosing `

` (or `

`) tag rather than the header itself. This allows entire sections to be manipulated using JavaScript or treated differently in CSS. #### Extension: `ascii_identifiers` #### Causes the identifiers produced by `auto_identifiers` to be pure ASCII. Accents are stripped off of accented Latin letters, and non-Latin letters are omitted. Math Input ---------- The extensions [`tex_math_dollars`](#extension-tex_math_dollars), [`tex_math_single_backslash`](#extension-tex_math_single_backslash), and [`tex_math_double_backslash`](#extension-tex_math_double_backslash) are described in the section about Pandoc's Markdown. However, they can also be used with HTML input. This is handy for reading web pages formatted using MathJax, for example. Raw HTML/TeX ------------ The following extensions (especially how they affect Markdown input/output) are also described in more detail in their respective sections of [Pandoc's Markdown]. #### Extension: `raw_html` {#raw_html} When converting from HTML, parse elements to raw HTML which are not representable in pandoc's AST. By default, this is disabled for HTML input. #### Extension: `raw_tex` {#raw_tex} Allows raw LaTeX, TeX, and ConTeXt to be included in a document. This extension can be enabled/disabled for the following formats (in addition to `markdown`): input formats : `latex`, `org`, `textile`, `html` (environments, `\ref`, and `\eqref` only) output formats : `textile`, `commonmark` #### Extension: `native_divs` {#native_divs} This extension is enabled by default for HTML input. This means that `div`s are parsed to pandoc native elements. (Alternatively, you can parse them to raw HTML using `-f html-native_divs+raw_html`.) When converting HTML to Markdown, for example, you may want to drop all `div`s and `span`s: pandoc -f html-native_divs-native_spans -t markdown #### Extension: `native_spans` {#native_spans} Analogous to `native_divs` above. Literate Haskell support ------------------------ #### Extension: `literate_haskell` #### Treat the document as literate Haskell source. This extension can be enabled/disabled for the following formats: input formats : `markdown`, `rst`, `latex` output formats : `markdown`, `rst`, `latex`, `html` If you append `+lhs` (or `+literate_haskell`) to one of the formats above, pandoc will treat the document as literate Haskell source. This means that - In Markdown input, "bird track" sections will be parsed as Haskell code rather than block quotations. Text between `\begin{code}` and `\end{code}` will also be treated as Haskell code. For ATX-style headers the character '=' will be used instead of '#'. - In Markdown output, code blocks with classes `haskell` and `literate` will be rendered using bird tracks, and block quotations will be indented one space, so they will not be treated as Haskell code. In addition, headers will be rendered setext-style (with underlines) rather than ATX-style (with '#' characters). (This is because ghc treats '#' characters in column 1 as introducing line numbers.) - In restructured text input, "bird track" sections will be parsed as Haskell code. - In restructured text output, code blocks with class `haskell` will be rendered using bird tracks. - In LaTeX input, text in `code` environments will be parsed as Haskell code. - In LaTeX output, code blocks with class `haskell` will be rendered inside `code` environments. - In HTML output, code blocks with class `haskell` will be rendered with class `literatehaskell` and bird tracks. Examples: pandoc -f markdown+lhs -t html reads literate Haskell source formatted with Markdown conventions and writes ordinary HTML (without bird tracks). pandoc -f markdown+lhs -t html+lhs writes HTML with the Haskell code in bird tracks, so it can be copied and pasted as literate Haskell source. Note that GHC expects the bird tracks in the first column, so indented literate code blocks (e.g. inside an itemized environment) will not be picked up by the Haskell compiler. Other extensions ---------------- #### Extension: `empty_paragraphs` #### Allows empty paragraphs. By default empty paragraphs are omitted. This extension can be enabled/disabled for the following formats: input formats : `docx`, `html` output formats : `docx`, `odt`, `opendocument`, `html` #### Extension: `styles` #### {#ext-styles} Read all docx styles as divs (for paragraph styles) and spans (for character styles) regardless of whether pandoc understands the meaning of these styles. This can be used with [docx custom styles](#custom-styles-in-docx). Disabled by default. input formats : `docx` #### Extension: `amuse` #### In the `muse` input format, this enables Text::Amuse extensions to Emacs Muse markup. #### Extension: `citations` {#org-citations} Some aspects of [Pandoc's Markdown citation syntax](#citations) are also accepted in `org` input. #### Extension: `ntb` #### In the `context` output format this enables the use of [Natural Tables (TABLE)](http://wiki.contextgarden.net/TABLE) instead of the default [Extreme Tables (xtables)](http://wiki.contextgarden.net/xtables). Natural tables allow more fine-grained global customization but come at a performance penalty compared to extreme tables. Pandoc's Markdown ================= Pandoc understands an extended and slightly revised version of John Gruber's [Markdown] syntax. This document explains the syntax, noting differences from standard Markdown. Except where noted, these differences can be suppressed by using the `markdown_strict` format instead of `markdown`. Extensions can be enabled or disabled to specify the behavior more granularly. They are described in the following. See also [Extensions] above, for extensions that work also on other formats. Philosophy ---------- Markdown is designed to be easy to write, and, even more importantly, easy to read: > A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain > text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags or formatting > instructions. > -- [John Gruber](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#philosophy) This principle has guided pandoc's decisions in finding syntax for tables, footnotes, and other extensions. There is, however, one respect in which pandoc's aims are different from the original aims of Markdown. Whereas Markdown was originally designed with HTML generation in mind, pandoc is designed for multiple output formats. Thus, while pandoc allows the embedding of raw HTML, it discourages it, and provides other, non-HTMLish ways of representing important document elements like definition lists, tables, mathematics, and footnotes. Paragraphs ---------- A paragraph is one or more lines of text followed by one or more blank lines. Newlines are treated as spaces, so you can reflow your paragraphs as you like. If you need a hard line break, put two or more spaces at the end of a line. #### Extension: `escaped_line_breaks` #### A backslash followed by a newline is also a hard line break. Note: in multiline and grid table cells, this is the only way to create a hard line break, since trailing spaces in the cells are ignored. Headers ------- There are two kinds of headers: Setext and ATX. ### Setext-style headers ### A setext-style header is a line of text "underlined" with a row of `=` signs (for a level one header) or `-` signs (for a level two header): A level-one header ================== A level-two header ------------------ The header text can contain inline formatting, such as emphasis (see [Inline formatting], below). ### ATX-style headers ### An ATX-style header consists of one to six `#` signs and a line of text, optionally followed by any number of `#` signs. The number of `#` signs at the beginning of the line is the header level: ## A level-two header ### A level-three header ### As with setext-style headers, the header text can contain formatting: # A level-one header with a [link](/url) and *emphasis* #### Extension: `blank_before_header` #### Standard Markdown syntax does not require a blank line before a header. Pandoc does require this (except, of course, at the beginning of the document). The reason for the requirement is that it is all too easy for a `#` to end up at the beginning of a line by accident (perhaps through line wrapping). Consider, for example: I like several of their flavors of ice cream: #22, for example, and #5. #### Extension: `space_in_atx_header` #### Many Markdown implementations do not require a space between the opening `#`s of an ATX header and the header text, so that `#5 bolt` and `#hashtag` count as headers. With this extension, pandoc does require the space. ### Header identifiers ### See also the [`auto_identifiers` extension](#extension-auto_identifiers) above. #### Extension: `header_attributes` #### Headers can be assigned attributes using this syntax at the end of the line containing the header text: {#identifier .class .class key=value key=value} Thus, for example, the following headers will all be assigned the identifier `foo`: # My header {#foo} ## My header ## {#foo} My other header {#foo} --------------- (This syntax is compatible with [PHP Markdown Extra].) Note that although this syntax allows assignment of classes and key/value attributes, writers generally don't use all of this information. Identifiers, classes, and key/value attributes are used in HTML and HTML-based formats such as EPUB and slidy. Identifiers are used for labels and link anchors in the LaTeX, ConTeXt, Textile, and AsciiDoc writers. Headers with the class `unnumbered` will not be numbered, even if `--number-sections` is specified. A single hyphen (`-`) in an attribute context is equivalent to `.unnumbered`, and preferable in non-English documents. So, # My header {-} is just the same as # My header {.unnumbered} #### Extension: `implicit_header_references` #### Pandoc behaves as if reference links have been defined for each header. So, to link to a header # Header identifiers in HTML you can simply write [Header identifiers in HTML] or [Header identifiers in HTML][] or [the section on header identifiers][header identifiers in HTML] instead of giving the identifier explicitly: [Header identifiers in HTML](#header-identifiers-in-html) If there are multiple headers with identical text, the corresponding reference will link to the first one only, and you will need to use explicit links to link to the others, as described above. Like regular reference links, these references are case-insensitive. Explicit link reference definitions always take priority over implicit header references. So, in the following example, the link will point to `bar`, not to `#foo`: # Foo [foo]: bar See [foo] Block quotations ---------------- Markdown uses email conventions for quoting blocks of text. A block quotation is one or more paragraphs or other block elements (such as lists or headers), with each line preceded by a `>` character and an optional space. (The `>` need not start at the left margin, but it should not be indented more than three spaces.) > This is a block quote. This > paragraph has two lines. > > 1. This is a list inside a block quote. > 2. Second item. A "lazy" form, which requires the `>` character only on the first line of each block, is also allowed: > This is a block quote. This paragraph has two lines. > 1. This is a list inside a block quote. 2. Second item. Among the block elements that can be contained in a block quote are other block quotes. That is, block quotes can be nested: > This is a block quote. > > > A block quote within a block quote. If the `>` character is followed by an optional space, that space will be considered part of the block quote marker and not part of the indentation of the contents. Thus, to put an indented code block in a block quote, you need five spaces after the `>`: > code #### Extension: `blank_before_blockquote` #### Standard Markdown syntax does not require a blank line before a block quote. Pandoc does require this (except, of course, at the beginning of the document). The reason for the requirement is that it is all too easy for a `>` to end up at the beginning of a line by accident (perhaps through line wrapping). So, unless the `markdown_strict` format is used, the following does not produce a nested block quote in pandoc: > This is a block quote. >> Nested. Verbatim (code) blocks ---------------------- ### Indented code blocks ### A block of text indented four spaces (or one tab) is treated as verbatim text: that is, special characters do not trigger special formatting, and all spaces and line breaks are preserved. For example, if (a > 3) { moveShip(5 * gravity, DOWN); } The initial (four space or one tab) indentation is not considered part of the verbatim text, and is removed in the output. Note: blank lines in the verbatim text need not begin with four spaces. ### Fenced code blocks ### #### Extension: `fenced_code_blocks` #### In addition to standard indented code blocks, pandoc supports *fenced* code blocks. These begin with a row of three or more tildes (`~`) and end with a row of tildes that must be at least as long as the starting row. Everything between these lines is treated as code. No indentation is necessary: ~~~~~~~ if (a > 3) { moveShip(5 * gravity, DOWN); } ~~~~~~~ Like regular code blocks, fenced code blocks must be separated from surrounding text by blank lines. If the code itself contains a row of tildes or backticks, just use a longer row of tildes or backticks at the start and end: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ code including tildes ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #### Extension: `backtick_code_blocks` #### Same as `fenced_code_blocks`, but uses backticks (`` ` ``) instead of tildes (`~`). #### Extension: `fenced_code_attributes` #### Optionally, you may attach attributes to fenced or backtick code block using this syntax: ~~~~ {#mycode .haskell .numberLines startFrom="100"} qsort [] = [] qsort (x:xs) = qsort (filter (< x) xs) ++ [x] ++ qsort (filter (>= x) xs) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Here `mycode` is an identifier, `haskell` and `numberLines` are classes, and `startFrom` is an attribute with value `100`. Some output formats can use this information to do syntax highlighting. Currently, the only output formats that uses this information are HTML, LaTeX, Docx, Ms, and PowerPoint. If highlighting is supported for your output format and language, then the code block above will appear highlighted, with numbered lines. (To see which languages are supported, type `pandoc --list-highlight-languages`.) Otherwise, the code block above will appear as follows:

...

The `numberLines` (or `number-lines`) class will cause the lines of the code block to be numbered, starting with `1` or the value of the `startFrom` attribute. The `lineAnchors` (or `line-anchors`) class will cause the lines to be clickable anchors in HTML output. A shortcut form can also be used for specifying the language of the code block: ```haskell qsort [] = [] ``` This is equivalent to: ``` {.haskell} qsort [] = [] ``` If the `fenced_code_attributes` extension is disabled, but input contains class attribute(s) for the code block, the first class attribute will be printed after the opening fence as a bare word. To prevent all highlighting, use the `--no-highlight` flag. To set the highlighting style, use `--highlight-style`. For more information on highlighting, see [Syntax highlighting], below. Line blocks ----------- #### Extension: `line_blocks` #### A line block is a sequence of lines beginning with a vertical bar (`|`) followed by a space. The division into lines will be preserved in the output, as will any leading spaces; otherwise, the lines will be formatted as Markdown. This is useful for verse and addresses: | The limerick packs laughs anatomical | In space that is quite economical. | But the good ones I've seen | So seldom are clean | And the clean ones so seldom are comical | 200 Main St. | Berkeley, CA 94718 The lines can be hard-wrapped if needed, but the continuation line must begin with a space. | The Right Honorable Most Venerable and Righteous Samuel L. Constable, Jr. | 200 Main St. | Berkeley, CA 94718 This syntax is borrowed from [reStructuredText]. Lists ----- ### Bullet lists ### A bullet list is a list of bulleted list items. A bulleted list item begins with a bullet (`*`, `+`, or `-`). Here is a simple example: * one * two * three This will produce a "compact" list. If you want a "loose" list, in which each item is formatted as a paragraph, put spaces between the items: * one * two * three The bullets need not be flush with the left margin; they may be indented one, two, or three spaces. The bullet must be followed by whitespace. List items look best if subsequent lines are flush with the first line (after the bullet): * here is my first list item. * and my second. But Markdown also allows a "lazy" format: * here is my first list item. * and my second. ### Block content in list items ### A list item may contain multiple paragraphs and other block-level content. However, subsequent paragraphs must be preceded by a blank line and indented to line up with the first non-space content after the list marker. * First paragraph. Continued. * Second paragraph. With a code block, which must be indented eight spaces: { code } Exception: if the list marker is followed by an indented code block, which must begin 5 spaces after the list marker, then subsequent paragraphs must begin two columns after the last character of the list marker: * code continuation paragraph List items may include other lists. In this case the preceding blank line is optional. The nested list must be indented to line up with the first non-space character after the list marker of the containing list item. * fruits + apples - macintosh - red delicious + pears + peaches * vegetables + broccoli + chard As noted above, Markdown allows you to write list items "lazily," instead of indenting continuation lines. However, if there are multiple paragraphs or other blocks in a list item, the first line of each must be indented. + A lazy, lazy, list item. + Another one; this looks bad but is legal. Second paragraph of second list item. ### Ordered lists ### Ordered lists work just like bulleted lists, except that the items begin with enumerators rather than bullets. In standard Markdown, enumerators are decimal numbers followed by a period and a space. The numbers themselves are ignored, so there is no difference between this list: 1. one 2. two 3. three and this one: 5. one 7. two 1. three #### Extension: `fancy_lists` #### Unlike standard Markdown, pandoc allows ordered list items to be marked with uppercase and lowercase letters and roman numerals, in addition to Arabic numerals. List markers may be enclosed in parentheses or followed by a single right-parentheses or period. They must be separated from the text that follows by at least one space, and, if the list marker is a capital letter with a period, by at least two spaces.[^2] [^2]: The point of this rule is to ensure that normal paragraphs starting with people's initials, like B. Russell was an English philosopher. do not get treated as list items. This rule will not prevent (C) 2007 Joe Smith from being interpreted as a list item. In this case, a backslash escape can be used: (C\) 2007 Joe Smith The `fancy_lists` extension also allows '`#`' to be used as an ordered list marker in place of a numeral: #. one #. two #### Extension: `startnum` #### Pandoc also pays attention to the type of list marker used, and to the starting number, and both of these are preserved where possible in the output format. Thus, the following yields a list with numbers followed by a single parenthesis, starting with 9, and a sublist with lowercase roman numerals: 9) Ninth 10) Tenth 11) Eleventh i. subone ii. subtwo iii. subthree Pandoc will start a new list each time a different type of list marker is used. So, the following will create three lists: (2) Two (5) Three 1. Four * Five If default list markers are desired, use `#.`: #. one #. two #. three ### Definition lists ### #### Extension: `definition_lists` #### Pandoc supports definition lists, using the syntax of [PHP Markdown Extra] with some extensions.[^3] Term 1 : Definition 1 Term 2 with *inline markup* : Definition 2 { some code, part of Definition 2 } Third paragraph of definition 2. Each term must fit on one line, which may optionally be followed by a blank line, and must be followed by one or more definitions. A definition begins with a colon or tilde, which may be indented one or two spaces. A term may have multiple definitions, and each definition may consist of one or more block elements (paragraph, code block, list, etc.), each indented four spaces or one tab stop. The body of the definition (including the first line, aside from the colon or tilde) should be indented four spaces. However, as with other Markdown lists, you can "lazily" omit indentation except at the beginning of a paragraph or other block element: Term 1 : Definition with lazy continuation. Second paragraph of the definition. If you leave space before the definition (as in the example above), the text of the definition will be treated as a paragraph. In some output formats, this will mean greater spacing between term/definition pairs. For a more compact definition list, omit the space before the definition: Term 1 ~ Definition 1 Term 2 ~ Definition 2a ~ Definition 2b Note that space between items in a definition list is required. (A variant that loosens this requirement, but disallows "lazy" hard wrapping, can be activated with `compact_definition_lists`: see [Non-pandoc extensions], below.) [^3]: I have been influenced by the suggestions of [David Wheeler](http://www.justatheory.com/computers/markup/modest-markdown-proposal.html). ### Numbered example lists ### #### Extension: `example_lists` #### The special list marker `@` can be used for sequentially numbered examples. The first list item with a `@` marker will be numbered '1', the next '2', and so on, throughout the document. The numbered examples need not occur in a single list; each new list using `@` will take up where the last stopped. So, for example: (@) My first example will be numbered (1). (@) My second example will be numbered (2). Explanation of examples. (@) My third example will be numbered (3). Numbered examples can be labeled and referred to elsewhere in the document: (@good) This is a good example. As (@good) illustrates, ... The label can be any string of alphanumeric characters, underscores, or hyphens. Note: continuation paragraphs in example lists must always be indented four spaces, regardless of the length of the list marker. That is, example lists always behave as if the `four_space_rule` extension is set. This is because example labels tend to be long, and indenting content to the first non-space character after the label would be awkward. ### Compact and loose lists ### Pandoc behaves differently from `Markdown.pl` on some "edge cases" involving lists. Consider this source: + First + Second: - Fee - Fie - Foe + Third Pandoc transforms this into a "compact list" (with no `

` tags around "First", "Second", or "Third"), while Markdown puts `

` tags around "Second" and "Third" (but not "First"), because of the blank space around "Third". Pandoc follows a simple rule: if the text is followed by a blank line, it is treated as a paragraph. Since "Second" is followed by a list, and not a blank line, it isn't treated as a paragraph. The fact that the list is followed by a blank line is irrelevant. (Note: Pandoc works this way even when the `markdown_strict` format is specified. This behavior is consistent with the official Markdown syntax description, even though it is different from that of `Markdown.pl`.) ### Ending a list ### What if you want to put an indented code block after a list? - item one - item two { my code block } Trouble! Here pandoc (like other Markdown implementations) will treat `{ my code block }` as the second paragraph of item two, and not as a code block. To "cut off" the list after item two, you can insert some non-indented content, like an HTML comment, which won't produce visible output in any format: - item one - item two { my code block } You can use the same trick if you want two consecutive lists instead of one big list: 1. one 2. two 3. three 1. uno 2. dos 3. tres Horizontal rules ---------------- A line containing a row of three or more `*`, `-`, or `_` characters (optionally separated by spaces) produces a horizontal rule: * * * * --------------- Tables ------ Four kinds of tables may be used. The first three kinds presuppose the use of a fixed-width font, such as Courier. The fourth kind can be used with proportionally spaced fonts, as it does not require lining up columns. #### Extension: `table_captions` #### A caption may optionally be provided with all 4 kinds of tables (as illustrated in the examples below). A caption is a paragraph beginning with the string `Table:` (or just `:`), which will be stripped off. It may appear either before or after the table. #### Extension: `simple_tables` #### Simple tables look like this: Right Left Center Default ------- ------ ---------- ------- 12 12 12 12 123 123 123 123 1 1 1 1 Table: Demonstration of simple table syntax. The headers and table rows must each fit on one line. Column alignments are determined by the position of the header text relative to the dashed line below it:[^4] - If the dashed line is flush with the header text on the right side but extends beyond it on the left, the column is right-aligned. - If the dashed line is flush with the header text on the left side but extends beyond it on the right, the column is left-aligned. - If the dashed line extends beyond the header text on both sides, the column is centered. - If the dashed line is flush with the header text on both sides, the default alignment is used (in most cases, this will be left). [^4]: This scheme is due to Michel Fortin, who proposed it on the [Markdown discussion list](http://six.pairlist.net/pipermail/markdown-discuss/2005-March/001097.html). The table must end with a blank line, or a line of dashes followed by a blank line. The column headers may be omitted, provided a dashed line is used to end the table. For example: ------- ------ ---------- ------- 12 12 12 12 123 123 123 123 1 1 1 1 ------- ------ ---------- ------- When headers are omitted, column alignments are determined on the basis of the first line of the table body. So, in the tables above, the columns would be right, left, center, and right aligned, respectively. #### Extension: `multiline_tables` #### Multiline tables allow headers and table rows to span multiple lines of text (but cells that span multiple columns or rows of the table are not supported). Here is an example: ------------------------------------------------------------- Centered Default Right Left Header Aligned Aligned Aligned ----------- ------- --------------- ------------------------- First row 12.0 Example of a row that spans multiple lines. Second row 5.0 Here's another one. Note the blank line between rows. ------------------------------------------------------------- Table: Here's the caption. It, too, may span multiple lines. These work like simple tables, but with the following differences: - They must begin with a row of dashes, before the header text (unless the headers are omitted). - They must end with a row of dashes, then a blank line. - The rows must be separated by blank lines. In multiline tables, the table parser pays attention to the widths of the columns, and the writers try to reproduce these relative widths in the output. So, if you find that one of the columns is too narrow in the output, try widening it in the Markdown source. Headers may be omitted in multiline tables as well as simple tables: ----------- ------- --------------- ------------------------- First row 12.0 Example of a row that spans multiple lines. Second row 5.0 Here's another one. Note the blank line between rows. ----------- ------- --------------- ------------------------- : Here's a multiline table without headers. It is possible for a multiline table to have just one row, but the row should be followed by a blank line (and then the row of dashes that ends the table), or the table may be interpreted as a simple table. #### Extension: `grid_tables` #### Grid tables look like this: : Sample grid table. +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ | Fruit | Price | Advantages | +===============+===============+====================+ | Bananas | $1.34 | - built-in wrapper | | | | - bright color | +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ | Oranges | $2.10 | - cures scurvy | | | | - tasty | +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ The row of `=`s separates the header from the table body, and can be omitted for a headerless table. The cells of grid tables may contain arbitrary block elements (multiple paragraphs, code blocks, lists, etc.). Cells that span multiple columns or rows are not supported. Grid tables can be created easily using [Emacs table mode]. [Emacs table mode]: http://table.sourceforge.net/ Alignments can be specified as with pipe tables, by putting colons at the boundaries of the separator line after the header: +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ | Right | Left | Centered | +==============:+:==============+:==================:+ | Bananas | $1.34 | built-in wrapper | +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ For headerless tables, the colons go on the top line instead: +--------------:+:--------------+:------------------:+ | Right | Left | Centered | +---------------+---------------+--------------------+ ##### Grid Table Limitations ##### Pandoc does not support grid tables with row spans or column spans. This means that neither variable numbers of columns across rows nor variable numbers of rows across columns are supported by Pandoc. All grid tables must have the same number of columns in each row, and the same number of rows in each column. For example, the Docutils [sample grid tables] will not render as expected with Pandoc. [sample grid tables]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#grid-tables #### Extension: `pipe_tables` #### Pipe tables look like this: | Right | Left | Default | Center | |------:|:-----|---------|:------:| | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | : Demonstration of pipe table syntax. The syntax is identical to [PHP Markdown Extra tables]. The beginning and ending pipe characters are optional, but pipes are required between all columns. The colons indicate column alignment as shown. The header cannot be omitted. To simulate a headerless table, include a header with blank cells. Since the pipes indicate column boundaries, columns need not be vertically aligned, as they are in the above example. So, this is a perfectly legal (though ugly) pipe table: fruit| price -----|-----: apple|2.05 pear|1.37 orange|3.09 The cells of pipe tables cannot contain block elements like paragraphs and lists, and cannot span multiple lines. If a pipe table contains a row whose printable content is wider than the column width (see `--columns`), then the table will take up the full text width and the cell contents will wrap, with the relative cell widths determined by the number of dashes in the line separating the table header from the table body. (For example `---|-` would make the first column 3/4 and the second column 1/4 of the full text width.) On the other hand, if no lines are wider than column width, then cell contents will not be wrapped, and the cells will be sized to their contents. Note: pandoc also recognizes pipe tables of the following form, as can be produced by Emacs' orgtbl-mode: | One | Two | |-----+-------| | my | table | | is | nice | The difference is that `+` is used instead of `|`. Other orgtbl features are not supported. In particular, to get non-default column alignment, you'll need to add colons as above. [PHP Markdown Extra tables]: https://michelf.ca/projects/php-markdown/extra/#table Metadata blocks --------------- #### Extension: `pandoc_title_block` #### If the file begins with a title block % title % author(s) (separated by semicolons) % date it will be parsed as bibliographic information, not regular text. (It will be used, for example, in the title of standalone LaTeX or HTML output.) The block may contain just a title, a title and an author, or all three elements. If you want to include an author but no title, or a title and a date but no author, you need a blank line: % % Author % My title % % June 15, 2006 The title may occupy multiple lines, but continuation lines must begin with leading space, thus: % My title on multiple lines If a document has multiple authors, the authors may be put on separate lines with leading space, or separated by semicolons, or both. So, all of the following are equivalent: % Author One Author Two % Author One; Author Two % Author One; Author Two The date must fit on one line. All three metadata fields may contain standard inline formatting (italics, links, footnotes, etc.). Title blocks will always be parsed, but they will affect the output only when the `--standalone` (`-s`) option is chosen. In HTML output, titles will appear twice: once in the document head -- this is the title that will appear at the top of the window in a browser -- and once at the beginning of the document body. The title in the document head can have an optional prefix attached (`--title-prefix` or `-T` option). The title in the body appears as an H1 element with class "title", so it can be suppressed or reformatted with CSS. If a title prefix is specified with `-T` and no title block appears in the document, the title prefix will be used by itself as the HTML title. The man page writer extracts a title, man page section number, and other header and footer information from the title line. The title is assumed to be the first word on the title line, which may optionally end with a (single-digit) section number in parentheses. (There should be no space between the title and the parentheses.) Anything after this is assumed to be additional footer and header text. A single pipe character (`|`) should be used to separate the footer text from the header text. Thus, % PANDOC(1) will yield a man page with the title `PANDOC` and section 1. % PANDOC(1) Pandoc User Manuals will also have "Pandoc User Manuals" in the footer. % PANDOC(1) Pandoc User Manuals | Version 4.0 will also have "Version 4.0" in the header. #### Extension: `yaml_metadata_block` #### A YAML metadata block is a valid YAML object, delimited by a line of three hyphens (`---`) at the top and a line of three hyphens (`---`) or three dots (`...`) at the bottom. A YAML metadata block may occur anywhere in the document, but if it is not at the beginning, it must be preceded by a blank line. (Note that, because of the way pandoc concatenates input files when several are provided, you may also keep the metadata in a separate YAML file and pass it to pandoc as an argument, along with your Markdown files: pandoc chap1.md chap2.md chap3.md metadata.yaml -s -o book.html Just be sure that the YAML file begins with `---` and ends with `---` or `...`.) Alternatively, you can use the `--metadata-file` option. Using that approach however, you cannot reference content (like footnotes) from the main markdown input document. Metadata will be taken from the fields of the YAML object and added to any existing document metadata. Metadata can contain lists and objects (nested arbitrarily), but all string scalars will be interpreted as Markdown. Fields with names ending in an underscore will be ignored by pandoc. (They may be given a role by external processors.) Field names must not be interpretable as YAML numbers or boolean values (so, for example, `yes`, `True`, and `15` cannot be used as field names). A document may contain multiple metadata blocks. The metadata fields will be combined through a *left-biased union*: if two metadata blocks attempt to set the same field, the value from the first block will be taken. When pandoc is used with `-t markdown` to create a Markdown document, a YAML metadata block will be produced only if the `-s/--standalone` option is used. All of the metadata will appear in a single block at the beginning of the document. Note that YAML escaping rules must be followed. Thus, for example, if a title contains a colon, it must be quoted. The pipe character (`|`) can be used to begin an indented block that will be interpreted literally, without need for escaping. This form is necessary when the field contains blank lines or block-level formatting: --- title: 'This is the title: it contains a colon' author: - Author One - Author Two keywords: [nothing, nothingness] abstract: | This is the abstract. It consists of two paragraphs. ... Template variables will be set automatically from the metadata. Thus, for example, in writing HTML, the variable `abstract` will be set to the HTML equivalent of the Markdown in the `abstract` field:

This is the abstract.

It consists of two paragraphs.

Variables can contain arbitrary YAML structures, but the template must match this structure. The `author` variable in the default templates expects a simple list or string, but can be changed to support more complicated structures. The following combination, for example, would add an affiliation to the author if one is given: --- title: The document title author: - name: Author One affiliation: University of Somewhere - name: Author Two affiliation: University of Nowhere ... To use the structured authors in the example above, you would need a custom template: $for(author)$ $if(author.name)$ $author.name$$if(author.affiliation)$ ($author.affiliation$)$endif$ $else$ $author$ $endif$ $endfor$ Raw content to include in the document's header may be specified using `header-includes`; however, it is important to mark up this content as raw code for a particular output format, using the [`raw_attribute` extension](#extension-raw_attribute)), or it will be interpreted as markdown. For example: header-includes: - | ```{=latex} \let\oldsection\section \renewcommand{\section}[1]{\clearpage\oldsection{#1}} ``` Backslash escapes ----------------- #### Extension: `all_symbols_escapable` #### Except inside a code block or inline code, any punctuation or space character preceded by a backslash will be treated literally, even if it would normally indicate formatting. Thus, for example, if one writes *\*hello\** one will get *hello* instead of hello This rule is easier to remember than standard Markdown's rule, which allows only the following characters to be backslash-escaped: \`*_{}[]()>#+-.! (However, if the `markdown_strict` format is used, the standard Markdown rule will be used.) A backslash-escaped space is parsed as a nonbreaking space. It will appear in TeX output as `~` and in HTML and XML as `\ ` or `\ `. A backslash-escaped newline (i.e. a backslash occurring at the end of a line) is parsed as a hard line break. It will appear in TeX output as `\\` and in HTML as `
`. This is a nice alternative to Markdown's "invisible" way of indicating hard line breaks using two trailing spaces on a line. Backslash escapes do not work in verbatim contexts. Inline formatting ----------------- ### Emphasis ### To *emphasize* some text, surround it with `*`s or `_`, like this: This text is _emphasized with underscores_, and this is *emphasized with asterisks*. Double `*` or `_` produces **strong emphasis**: This is **strong emphasis** and __with underscores__. A `*` or `_` character surrounded by spaces, or backslash-escaped, will not trigger emphasis: This is * not emphasized *, and \*neither is this\*. #### Extension: `intraword_underscores` #### Because `_` is sometimes used inside words and identifiers, pandoc does not interpret a `_` surrounded by alphanumeric characters as an emphasis marker. If you want to emphasize just part of a word, use `*`: feas*ible*, not feas*able*. ### Strikeout ### #### Extension: `strikeout` #### To strikeout a section of text with a horizontal line, begin and end it with `~~`. Thus, for example, This ~~is deleted text.~~ ### Superscripts and subscripts ### #### Extension: `superscript`, `subscript` #### Superscripts may be written by surrounding the superscripted text by `^` characters; subscripts may be written by surrounding the subscripted text by `~` characters. Thus, for example, H~2~O is a liquid. 2^10^ is 1024. If the superscripted or subscripted text contains spaces, these spaces must be escaped with backslashes. (This is to prevent accidental superscripting and subscripting through the ordinary use of `~` and `^`.) Thus, if you want the letter P with 'a cat' in subscripts, use `P~a\ cat~`, not `P~a cat~`. ### Verbatim ### To make a short span of text verbatim, put it inside backticks: What is the difference between `>>=` and `>>`? If the verbatim text includes a backtick, use double backticks: Here is a literal backtick `` ` ``. (The spaces after the opening backticks and before the closing backticks will be ignored.) The general rule is that a verbatim span starts with a string of consecutive backticks (optionally followed by a space) and ends with a string of the same number of backticks (optionally preceded by a space). Note that backslash-escapes (and other Markdown constructs) do not work in verbatim contexts: This is a backslash followed by an asterisk: `\*`. #### Extension: `inline_code_attributes` #### Attributes can be attached to verbatim text, just as with [fenced code blocks]: `<$>`{.haskell} ### Small caps ### To write small caps, use the `smallcaps` class: [Small caps]{.smallcaps} Or, without the `bracketed_spans` extension: Small caps For compatibility with other Markdown flavors, CSS is also supported: Small caps This will work in all output formats that support small caps. Math ---- #### Extension: `tex_math_dollars` #### Anything between two `$` characters will be treated as TeX math. The opening `$` must have a non-space character immediately to its right, while the closing `$` must have a non-space character immediately to its left, and must not be followed immediately by a digit. Thus, `$20,000 and $30,000` won't parse as math. If for some reason you need to enclose text in literal `$` characters, backslash-escape them and they won't be treated as math delimiters. TeX math will be printed in all output formats. How it is rendered depends on the output format: LaTeX ~ It will appear verbatim surrounded by `$...$` (for inline math) or `\[...\]` (for display math). Markdown, Emacs Org mode, ConTeXt, ZimWiki ~ It will appear verbatim surrounded by `$...$` (for inline math) or `$$...$$` (for display math). reStructuredText ~ It will be rendered using an [interpreted text role `:math:`]. AsciiDoc ~ It will be rendered as `latexmath:[...]`. Texinfo ~ It will be rendered inside a `@math` command. roff man ~ It will be rendered verbatim without `$`'s. MediaWiki, DokuWiki ~ It will be rendered inside `

` tags.

Textile
  ~ It will be rendered inside `

` tags. RTF, OpenDocument ~ It will be rendered, if possible, using Unicode characters, and will otherwise appear verbatim. ODT ~ It will be rendered, if possible, using MathML. DocBook ~ If the `--mathml` flag is used, it will be rendered using MathML in an `inlineequation` or `informalequation` tag. Otherwise it will be rendered, if possible, using Unicode characters. Docx ~ It will be rendered using OMML math markup. FictionBook2 ~ If the `--webtex` option is used, formulas are rendered as images using CodeCogs or other compatible web service, downloaded and embedded in the e-book. Otherwise, they will appear verbatim. HTML, Slidy, DZSlides, S5, EPUB ~ The way math is rendered in HTML will depend on the command-line options selected. Therefore see [Math rendering in HTML] above. [interpreted text role `:math:`]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/ref/rst/roles.html#math Raw HTML -------- #### Extension: `raw_html` #### Markdown allows you to insert raw HTML (or DocBook) anywhere in a document (except verbatim contexts, where `<`, `>`, and `&` are interpreted literally). (Technically this is not an extension, since standard Markdown allows it, but it has been made an extension so that it can be disabled if desired.) The raw HTML is passed through unchanged in HTML, S5, Slidy, Slideous, DZSlides, EPUB, Markdown, CommonMark, Emacs Org mode, and Textile output, and suppressed in other formats. In the CommonMark format, if `raw_html` is enabled, superscripts, subscripts, strikeouts and small capitals will be represented as HTML. Otherwise, plain-text fallbacks will be used. Note that even if `raw_html` is disabled, tables will be rendered with HTML syntax if they cannot use pipe syntax. #### Extension: `markdown_in_html_blocks` #### Standard Markdown allows you to include HTML "blocks": blocks of HTML between balanced tags that are separated from the surrounding text with blank lines, and start and end at the left margin. Within these blocks, everything is interpreted as HTML, not Markdown; so (for example), `*` does not signify emphasis. Pandoc behaves this way when the `markdown_strict` format is used; but by default, pandoc interprets material between HTML block tags as Markdown. Thus, for example, pandoc will turn

*one*

[a link](http://google.com)

into

one

a link

whereas `Markdown.pl` will preserve it as is. There is one exception to this rule: text between `