path: root/src/interp/compiler.boot

-- Copyright (c) 1991-2002, The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd.
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-- Copyright (C) 2007-2008, Gabriel Dos Reis.
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import c_-util
import pathname
import modemap
import define
import iterator
namespace BOOT
module compiler where
  coerce: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
  convert: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
  comp: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
  compOrCroak: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
  compCompilerPredicate: (%Form,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
  checkCallingConvention: (%List,%Short) -> %SimpleArray %Short


--% 
compUniquely: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compNoStacking: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compNoStacking1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%List) -> %Maybe %Triple
compOrCroak1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%Thing) -> %Maybe %Triple
comp2: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
comp3: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compExpression: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compAtom: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compSymbol: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compString: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compAtomWithModemap: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%Thing) -> %Maybe %Triple
compTypeOf: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compForm: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compForm1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compForm2: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%List) -> %Maybe %Triple
compForm3: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%List) -> %Maybe %Triple
compArgumentsAndTryAgain: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compExpressionList: (%List,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compWithMappingMode: (%Form,%Mode,%List) -> %List
compFormMatch: (%Modemap,%List) -> %Boolean
compFormWithModemap: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%Modemap) -> %Maybe %Triple
compApply: (%List,%List,%Thing,%List,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compToApply: (%Form,%List,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compApplication: (%Form,%List,%Mode,%Env,%Triple) -> %Maybe %Triple
compApplyModemap: (%Form,%Modemap,%Env,%List) -> %Maybe %Triple

primitiveType: %Thing -> %Mode
hasUniqueCaseView: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Boolean
convertOrCroak: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
getFormModemaps: (%Form,%Env) -> %List
transImplementation: (%Form,%Modemap,%Thing) -> %Code
reshapeArgumentList: (%Form,%Signature) -> %Form
applyMapping: (%Form,%Mode,%Env,%List) -> %Maybe %Triple
compMapCond: (%Symbol,%Mode,%Env,%List) -> %Code
compMapCond': (%List,%Symbol,%Mode,%Env) -> %Code
compMapCond'': (%Thing,%Mode) -> %Boolean
compMapCondFun: (%Thing,%Symbol,%Mode,%Env) -> %Code


++ A list of routines for diagnostic reports.  These functions, in an
++ abstract sense, have type: forall T: Type . String -> T, so they
++ can be used in T-returning functions, for any T.  
$coreDiagnosticFunctions == 
  '(error userError systemError)

++ list of functions to compile
$compileOnlyCertainItems := []

compTopLevel: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compTopLevel(x,m,e) ==
--+ signals that target is derived from lhs-- see NRTmakeSlot1Info
  $NRTderivedTargetIfTrue: local := false
  $killOptimizeIfTrue: local:= false
  $forceAdd: local:= false
  $compTimeSum: local := 0
  $resolveTimeSum: local := 0
  $packagesUsed: local := []
  x is ["DEF",:.] or x is ["where",["DEF",:.],:.] =>
    ([val,mode,.]:= compOrCroak(x,m,e); [val,mode,e])
        --keep old environment after top level function defs
  compOrCroak(x,m,e)

compUniquely(x,m,e) ==
  $compUniquelyIfTrue: local:= true
  CATCH("compUniquely",comp(x,m,e))

compOrCroak(x,m,e) == 
  compOrCroak1(x,m,e,'comp)

compOrCroak1(x,m,e,compFn) ==
  fn(x,m,e,nil,nil,compFn) where
    fn(x,m,e,$compStack,$compErrorMessageStack,compFn) ==
      T:= CATCH("compOrCroak",FUNCALL(compFn,x,m,e)) => T
      --stackAndThrow here and moan in UT LISP K does the appropriate THROW
      $compStack:= [[x,m,e,$exitModeStack],:$compStack]
      $s:=
        compactify $compStack where
          compactify al ==
            null al => nil
            LASSOC(first first al,rest al) => compactify rest al
            [first al,:compactify rest al]
      $level:= #$s
      errorMessage:=
        if $compErrorMessageStack
           then first $compErrorMessageStack
           else "unspecified error"
      $scanIfTrue =>
        stackSemanticError(errorMessage,mkErrorExpr $level)
        ["failedCompilation",m,e]
      displaySemanticErrors()
      SAY("****** comp fails at level ",$level," with expression: ******")
      displayComp $level
      userError errorMessage

tc() ==
  comp($x,$m,$f)

++ The form `x' is intended to be evaluated by the compiler, e.g. in
++ toplevel conditional definition or as sub-domain predicate.  
++ Normalize operators and compile the form.
compCompilerPredicate(x,e) ==
  savedNormalizeTree := $normalizeTree
  $normalizeTree := true
  t := compOrCroak(parseTran x, $Boolean, e)
  $normalizeTree := savedNormalizeTree
  t


comp(x,m,e) ==
  T:= compNoStacking(x,m,e) => ($compStack:= nil; T)
  $compStack:= [[x,m,e,$exitModeStack],:$compStack]
  nil

compNoStacking(x,m,e) ==
  T:= comp2(x,m,e) =>
    $useRepresentationHack and m=$EmptyMode and T.mode=$Representation => 
      [T.expr,"$",T.env]
    T
    --$Representation is bound in compDefineFunctor, set by doIt
    --this hack says that when something is undeclared, $ is
    --preferred to the underlying representation -- RDJ 9/12/83
    --Now that `per' and `rep' are built in, we do the above
    --hack only when `Rep' is defined the old way. -- gdr 2008/01/26
  compNoStacking1(x,m,e,$compStack)

compNoStacking1(x,m,e,$compStack) ==
  u:= get(RepIfRepHack m,"value",e) =>
    (T:= comp2(x,u.expr,e) => [T.expr,m,T.env]; nil)
  nil

comp2(x,m,e) ==
  [y,m',e]:= comp3(x,m,e) or return nil
  if $LISPLIB and isDomainForm(x,e) then
      if isFunctor x then
         $packagesUsed:= insert([opOf x],$packagesUsed)
  --if null atom y and isDomainForm(y,e) then e := addDomain(x,e)
        --line commented out to prevent adding derived domain forms
  m^=m' and ($bootStrapMode or isDomainForm(m',e))=>[y,m',addDomain(m',e)]
        --isDomainForm test needed to prevent error while compiling Ring
        --$bootStrapMode-test necessary for compiling Ring in $bootStrapMode
  [y,m',e]

comp3(x,m,$e) ==
  --returns a Triple or %else nil to signalcan't do'
  $e:= addDomain(m,$e)
  e:= $e --for debugging purposes
  m is ["Mapping",:.] => compWithMappingMode(x,m,e)
  m is ["QUOTE",a] => (x=a => [x,m,$e]; nil)
  STRINGP m => (atom x => (m=x or m=STRINGIMAGE x => [m,m,e]; nil); nil)
  -- In quasiquote mode, x should match exactly
  (y := isQuasiquote m) =>
     y = x => [["QUOTE",x], m, $e]
     nil
  ^x or atom x => compAtom(x,m,e)
  op:= first x
  getmode(op,e) is ["Mapping",:ml] and (u:= applyMapping(x,m,e,ml)) => u
  op is ["KAPPA",sig,varlist,body] => compApply(sig,varlist,body,rest x,m,e)
  op=":" => compColon(x,m,e)
  op="::" => compCoerce(x,m,e)
  not ($insideCompTypeOf=true) and stringPrefix?('"TypeOf",PNAME op) =>
    compTypeOf(x,m,e)
  t:= compExpression(x,m,e)
  t is [x',m',e'] and not member(m',getDomainsInScope e') =>
    [x',m',addDomain(m',e')]
  t

compTypeOf(x:=[op,:argl],m,e) ==
  $insideCompTypeOf: local := true
  newModemap:= EQSUBSTLIST(argl,$FormalMapVariableList,get(op,'modemap,e))
  e:= put(op,'modemap,newModemap,e)
  comp3(x,m,e)

applyMapping([op,:argl],m,e,ml) ==
  #argl^=#ml-1 => nil
  isCategoryForm(first ml,e) =>
                                --is op a functor?
    pairlis:= [[v,:a] for a in argl for v in $FormalMapVariableList]
    ml' := SUBLIS(pairlis, ml)
    argl':=
      [T.expr for x in argl for m' in rest ml'] where
        T() == [.,.,e]:= comp(x,m',e) or return "failed"
    if argl'="failed" then return nil
    form:= [op,:argl']
    convert([form,first ml',e],m)
  argl':=
    [T.expr for x in argl for m' in rest ml] where
      T() == [.,.,e]:= comp(x,m',e) or return "failed"
  if argl'="failed" then return nil
  form:=
    not member(op,$formalArgList) and ATOM op and not get(op,'value,e) =>
      nprefix := $prefix or
   -- following needed for referencing local funs at capsule level
        getAbbreviation($op,#rest $form)
      [op',:argl',"$"] where
        op':= INTERN STRCONC(encodeItem nprefix,";",encodeItem op)
    ['call,['applyFun,op],:argl']
  pairlis:= [[v,:a] for a in argl' for v in $FormalMapVariableList]
  convert([form,SUBLIS(pairlis,first ml),e],m)

hasFormalMapVariable(x, vl) ==
  $formalMapVariables: local := vl
  null vl => false
  ScanOrPairVec(function hasone?,x) where
     hasone? x == MEMQ(x,$formalMapVariables)

compWithMappingMode(x,m is ["Mapping",m',:sl],oldE) ==
  $killOptimizeIfTrue: local:= true
  e:= oldE
  isFunctor x =>
    if get(x,"modemap",$CategoryFrame) is [[[.,target,:argModeList],.],:.] and
      (and/[extendsCategoryForm("$",s,mode) for mode in argModeList for s in sl]
        ) and extendsCategoryForm("$",target,m') then return [x,m,e]
  if STRINGP x then x:= INTERN x
  for m in sl for v in (vl:= take(#sl,$FormalMapVariableList)) repeat
    [.,.,e]:= compMakeDeclaration([":",v,m],$EmptyMode,e)
  not null vl and not hasFormalMapVariable(x, vl) => return
    [u,.,.] := comp([x,:vl],m',e) or return nil
    extractCodeAndConstructTriple(u, m, oldE)
  null vl and (t := comp([x], m', e)) => return
    [u,.,.] := t
    extractCodeAndConstructTriple(u, m, oldE)
  [u,.,.]:= comp(x,m',e) or return nil
  uu:=optimizeFunctionDef [nil,['LAMBDA,vl,u]]
  --  At this point, we have a function that we would like to pass.
  --  Unfortunately, it makes various free variable references outside
  --  itself.  So we build a mini-vector that contains them all, and
  --  pass this as the environment to our inner function.
  $FUNNAME :local := nil
  $FUNNAME__TAIL :local := [nil]
  expandedFunction:=COMP_-TRAN CADR uu
  frees:=FreeList(expandedFunction,vl,nil,e)
    where FreeList(u,bound,free,e) ==
      atom u =>
        not IDENTP u => free
        MEMQ(u,bound) => free
        v:=ASSQ(u,free) =>
          RPLACD(v,1+CDR v)
          free
        null getmode(u,e) => free
        [[u,:1],:free]
      op:=CAR u
      MEMQ(op, '(QUOTE GO function)) => free
      EQ(op,'LAMBDA) =>
        bound:=UNIONQ(bound,CADR u)
        for v in CDDR u repeat
          free:=FreeList(v,bound,free,e)
        free
      EQ(op,'PROG) =>
        bound:=UNIONQ(bound,CADR u)
        for v in CDDR u | NOT ATOM v repeat
          free:=FreeList(v,bound,free,e)
        free
      EQ(op,'SEQ) =>
        for v in CDR u | NOT ATOM v repeat
          free:=FreeList(v,bound,free,e)
        free
      EQ(op,'COND) =>
        for v in CDR u repeat
          for vv in v repeat
            free:=FreeList(vv,bound,free,e)
        free
      if ATOM op then u:=CDR u  --Atomic functions aren't descended
      for v in u repeat
        free:=FreeList(v,bound,free,e)
      free
  expandedFunction :=
            --One free can go by itself, more than one needs a vector
         --An A-list name . number of times used
    #frees = 0 => ['LAMBDA,[:vl,"$$"], :CDDR expandedFunction]
    #frees = 1 =>
      vec:=first first frees
      ['LAMBDA,[:vl,vec], :CDDR expandedFunction]
    scode:=nil
    vec:=nil
    slist:=nil
    locals:=nil
    i:=-1
    for v in frees repeat
      i:=i+1
      vec:=[first v,:vec]
      rest v = 1 =>
                --Only used once
        slist:=[[first v,"getShellEntry","$$",i],:slist]
      scode:=[['SETQ,first v,["getShellEntry","$$",i]],:scode]
      locals:=[first v,:locals]
    body:=
      slist => SUBLISNQ(slist,CDDR expandedFunction)
      CDDR expandedFunction
    if locals then
      if body is [['DECLARE,:.],:.] then
        body:=[CAR body,['PROG,locals,:scode,['RETURN,['PROGN,:CDR body]]]]
      else body:=[['PROG,locals,:scode,['RETURN,['PROGN,:body]]]]
    vec:=['VECTOR,:NREVERSE vec]
    ['LAMBDA,[:vl,"$$"],:body]
  fname:=['CLOSEDFN,expandedFunction]
         --Like QUOTE, but gets compiled
  uu:=
    frees => ['CONS,fname,vec]
    ['LIST,fname]
  [uu,m,oldE]

extractCodeAndConstructTriple(u, m, oldE) ==
  u is ["call",fn,:.] =>
    if fn is ["applyFun",a] then fn := a
    [fn,m,oldE]
  [op,:.,env] := u
  [["CONS",["function",op],env],m,oldE]

compExpression(x,m,e) ==
  $insideExpressionIfTrue: local:= true
  -- special forms have dedicated compilers.
  (op := first x) and SYMBOLP op and (fn := GET(op,"SPECIAL")) =>
    FUNCALL(fn,x,m,e)
  compForm(x,m,e)

compAtomWithModemap(x,m,e,v) ==
  Tl :=
    [[transImplementation(x,map,fn),target,e]
      for map in v | map is [[.,target],[.,fn]]] =>
                                         --accept only monadic operators
        T:= or/[t for (t:= [.,target,.]) in Tl | modeEqual(m,target)] => T
        1=#(Tl:= [y for t in Tl | (y:= convert(t,m))]) => first Tl
        0<#Tl and m=$NoValueMode => first Tl
        nil

transImplementation(op,map,fn) ==
  fn := genDeltaEntry [op,:map]
  fn is ["XLAM",:.] => [fn]
  ["call",fn]

compAtom(x,m,e) ==
  T:= compAtomWithModemap(x,m,e,get(x,"modemap",e)) => T
  x="nil" =>
    T:=
      modeIsAggregateOf('List,m,e) is [.,R]=> compList(x,['List,R],e)
      modeIsAggregateOf('Vector,m,e) is [.,R]=> compVector(x,['Vector,R],e)
    T => convert(T,m)
  t:=
    isSymbol x =>
      compSymbol(x,m,e) or return nil
    m = $OutputForm and primitiveType x => [x,m,e]
    STRINGP x => [x,x,e]
    [x,primitiveType x or return nil,e]
  convert(t,m)

primitiveType x ==
  x is nil => $EmptyMode
  STRINGP x => $String
  INTEGERP x =>
    x=0 => $NonNegativeInteger
    x>0 => $PositiveInteger
    true => $NegativeInteger
  FLOATP x => $DoubleFloat
  nil

compSymbol(s,m,e) ==
  s="$NoValue" => ["$NoValue",$NoValueMode,e]
  isFluid s => [s,getmode(s,e) or return nil,e]
  s="true" => ['(QUOTE T),$Boolean,e]
  s="false" => [false,$Boolean,e]
  s=m or isLiteral(s,e) => [["QUOTE",s],s,e]
  v := get(s,"value",e) =>
--+
    MEMQ(s,$functorLocalParameters) =>
        NRTgetLocalIndex s
        [s,v.mode,e] --s will be replaced by an ELT form in beforeCompile

    [s,v.mode,e] --s has been SETQd
  m':= getmode(s,e) =>
    if not member(s,$formalArgList) and not MEMQ(s,$FormalMapVariableList) and
      not isFunction(s,e) and null ($compForModeIfTrue=true) then errorRef s
    [s,m',e] --s is a declared argument
  MEMQ(s,$FormalMapVariableList) => 
    stackMessage('"no mode found for %1b",[s])
  m = $OutputForm or m = $Symbol => [['QUOTE,s],m,e]
  not isFunction(s,e) => errorRef s

++ Return true if `m' is the most recent unique type case assumption 
++ on `x' that predates its declaration in environment `e'.
hasUniqueCaseView(x,m,e) ==
  props := getProplist(x,e)
  for [p,:v] in props repeat
    p = "condition" and v is [["case",.,t],:.] => return modeEqual(t,m)
    p = "value" => return false


convertOrCroak(T,m) ==
  u:= convert(T,m) => u
  userError ["CANNOT CONVERT: ",T.expr,"%l"," OF MODE: ",T.mode,"%l",
    " TO MODE: ",m,"%l"]

convert(T,m) ==
  coerce(T,resolve(T.mode,m) or return nil)

mkUnion(a,b) ==
  b="$" and $Rep is ["Union",:l] => b
  a is ["Union",:l] =>
    b is ["Union",:l'] => ["Union",:union(l,l')]
    ["Union",:union([b],l)]
  b is ["Union",:l] => ["Union",:union([a],l)]
  ["Union",a,b]

maxSuperType(m,e) ==
  typ:= get(m,"SuperDomain",e) => maxSuperType(typ,e)
  m

hasType(x,e) ==
  fn get(x,"condition",e) where
    fn x ==
      null x => nil
      x is [["case",.,y],:.] => y
      fn rest x

--% General Forms

compForm(form,m,e) ==
  T:=
    compForm1(form,m,e) or compArgumentsAndTryAgain(form,m,e) or return
      stackMessageIfNone ["cannot compile","%b",form,"%d"]
  T

compArgumentsAndTryAgain(form is [.,:argl],m,e) ==
  -- used in case: f(g(x)) where f is in domain introduced by
  -- comping g, e.g. for (ELT (ELT x a) b), environment can have no
  -- modemap with selector b
  form is ["elt",a,.] =>
    ([.,.,e]:= comp(a,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil; compForm1(form,m,e))
  u:= for x in argl repeat [.,.,e]:= comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return "failed"
  u="failed" => nil
  compForm1(form,m,e)

outputComp(x,e) ==
  u:=comp(['_:_:,x,$OutputForm],$OutputForm,e) => u
  x is ['construct,:argl] =>
    [['LIST,:[([.,.,e]:=outputComp(x,e)).expr for x in argl]],$OutputForm,e]
  (v:= get(x,"value",e)) and (v.mode is ['Union,:l]) =>
    [['coerceUn2E,x,v.mode],$OutputForm,e]
  [x,$OutputForm,e]

compForm1(form is [op,:argl],m,e) ==
  $NumberOfArgsIfInteger: local:= #argl --see compElt
  op in $coreDiagnosticFunctions =>
    [[op,:[([.,.,e]:=outputComp(x,e)).expr
      for x in argl]],m,e]
  op is ["elt",domain,op'] =>
    domain="Lisp" =>
      --op'='QUOTE and null rest argl => [first argl,m,e]
      [[op',:[([.,.,e]:= compOrCroak(x,$EmptyMode,e)).expr for x in argl]],m,e]
    domain=$Expression and op'="construct" => compExpressionList(argl,m,e)
    (op'="COLLECT") and coerceable(domain,m,e) =>
      (T:= comp([op',:argl],domain,e) or return nil; coerce(T,m))
    -- Next clause added JHD 8/Feb/94: the clause after doesn't work
    -- since addDomain refuses to add modemaps from Mapping
    (domain is ['Mapping,:.]) and
      (ans := compForm2([op',:argl],m,e:= augModemapsFromDomain1(domain,domain,e),
        [x for x in getFormModemaps([op',:argl],e) | x is [[ =domain,:.],:.]]))             => ans

    ans := compForm2([op',:argl],m,e:= addDomain(domain,e),
      [x for x in getFormModemaps([op',:argl],e) | x is [[ =domain,:.],:.]])             => ans
    (op'="construct") and coerceable(domain,m,e) =>
      (T:= comp([op',:argl],domain,e) or return nil; coerce(T,m))
    nil

  e:= addDomain(m,e) --???unneccessary because of comp2's call???
  (mmList:= getFormModemaps(form,e)) and (T:= compForm2(form,m,e,mmList)) => T
  compToApply(op,argl,m,e)

compExpressionList(argl,m,e) ==
  Tl:= [[.,.,e]:= comp(x,$Expression,e) or return "failed" for x in argl]
  Tl="failed" => nil
  convert([["LIST",:[y.expr for y in Tl]],$Expression,e],m)

compForm2(form is [op,:argl],m,e,modemapList) ==
  sargl:= TAKE(# argl, $TriangleVariableList)
  aList:= [[sa,:a] for a in argl for sa in sargl]
  modemapList:= SUBLIS(aList,modemapList)
  deleteList:=[]
  newList := []
  -- now delete any modemaps that are subsumed by something else, provided the conditions
  -- are right (i.e. subsumer true whenever subsumee true)
  for u in modemapList repeat
    if u is [[dc,:.],[cond,["Subsumed",.,nsig]]] and
       (v:=assoc([dc,:nsig],modemapList)) and v is [.,[ncond,:.]] then
           deleteList:=[u,:deleteList]
           if not PredImplies(ncond,cond) then
             newList := [[CAR u,[cond,['ELT,dc,nil]]],:newList]
  if deleteList then modemapList:=[u for u in modemapList | not MEMQ(u,deleteList)]
  -- We can use MEMQ since deleteList was built out of members of modemapList
  -- its important that subsumed ops (newList) be considered last
  if newList then modemapList := append(modemapList,newList)

  -- The calling convention vector is used to determine when it is
  -- appropriate to infer type by compiling the argument vs. just
  -- looking up the parameter type for flag arguments.
  cc := checkCallingConvention([sig for [[.,:sig],:.] in modemapList], #argl)
  Tl:=
    [[.,.,e]:= T for x in argl for i in 0..
       while (T := inferMode(x,cc.i > 0,e))] where
      inferMode(x,flag,e) ==
        flag => [x,quasiquote x,e]
        isSimple x and compUniquely(x,$EmptyMode,e)

  or/[x for x in Tl] =>
    partialModeList:= [(x => x.mode; nil) for x in Tl]
    compFormPartiallyBottomUp(form,m,e,modemapList,partialModeList) or
      compForm3(form,m,e,modemapList)
  compForm3(form,m,e,modemapList)

++ We are about to compile a call.  Returns true if each argument
++ partially matches (as could be determined by type inference) the
++ corresponding expected type in the callee's modemap.
compFormMatch(mm,partialModeList) == main where
  main() ==
    mm is [[.,.,:argModeList],:.] and match(argModeList,partialModeList) 
      or wantArgumentsAsTuple(partialModeList,argModeList)
  match(a,b) ==
    null b => true
    null first b => match(rest a,rest b)
    first a=first b and match(rest a,rest b)

compFormPartiallyBottomUp(form,m,e,modemapList,partialModeList) ==
  mmList:= [mm for mm in modemapList | compFormMatch(mm,partialModeList)] =>
    compForm3(form,m,e,mmList)

compForm3(form is [op,:argl],m,e,modemapList) ==
  T:=
    or/
      [compFormWithModemap(form,m,e,first (mml:= ml))
        for ml in tails modemapList]
  $compUniquelyIfTrue =>
    or/[compFormWithModemap(form,m,e,mm) for mm in rest mml] =>
      THROW("compUniquely",nil)
    T
  T


compFormWithModemap(form,m,e,modemap) ==
  [map:= [.,target,:sig],[pred,impl]]:= modemap
  [op,:argl] := form := reshapeArgumentList(form,sig)
  if isCategoryForm(target,e) and isFunctor op then
    [modemap,e]:= substituteIntoFunctorModemap(argl,modemap,e) or return nil
    [map:= [.,target,:.],:cexpr]:= modemap
  sv:=listOfSharpVars map
  if sv then
     -- SAY [ "compiling ", op, " in compFormWithModemap,
     -- mode= ",map," sharp vars=",sv]
    for x in argl for ss in $FormalMapVariableList repeat
      if ss in sv then
        [map:= [.,target,:.],:cexpr]:= modemap :=SUBST(x,ss,modemap)
        -- SAY ["new map is",map]
  not (target':= coerceable(target,m,e)) => nil
  map:= [target',:rest map]
  [f,Tl,sl]:= compApplyModemap(form,modemap,e,nil) or return nil

  --generate code; return
  T:=
    [x',m',e'] where
      m':= SUBLIS(sl,map.(1))
      x':=
        form':= [f,:[t.expr for t in Tl]]
        m'=$Category or isCategoryForm(m',e) => form'
        -- try to deal with new-style Unions where we know the conditions
        op = "elt" and f is ['XLAM,:.] and IDENTP(z:=CAR argl) and
          (c:=get(z,'condition,e)) and
            c is [["case",=z,c1]] and
              (c1 is [":",=(CADR argl),=m] or EQ(c1,CADR argl) ) =>
-- first is a full tag, as placed by getInverseEnvironment
-- second is what getSuccessEnvironment will place there
                ["CDR",z]
        ["call",:form']
      e':=
        Tl => (LAST Tl).env
        e
  convert(T,m)

-- This version tends to give problems with #1 and categories
-- applyMapping([op,:argl],m,e,ml) ==
--   #argl^=#ml-1 => nil
--   mappingHasCategoryTarget :=
--     isCategoryForm(first ml,e) => --is op a functor?
--       form:= [op,:argl']
--       pairlis:= [[v,:a] for a in argl for v in $FormalMapVariableList]
--       ml:= SUBLIS(pairlis,ml)
--       true
--     false
--   argl':=
--     [T.expr for x in argl for m' in rest ml] where
--       T() == [.,.,e]:= comp(x,m',e) or return "failed"
--   if argl'="failed" then return nil
--   mappingHasCategoryTarget => convert([form,first ml,e],m)
--   form:=
--     not member(op,$formalArgList) and ATOM op =>
--       [op',:argl',"$"] where
--         op':= INTERN STRCONC(STRINGIMAGE $prefix,";",STRINGIMAGE op)
--     ["call",["applyFun",op],:argl']
--   pairlis:= [[v,:a] for a in argl' for v in $FormalMapVariableList]
--   convert([form,SUBLIS(pairlis,first ml),e],m)


++ Returns the list of candidate modemaps for a form.  A modemap
++ is candidate for a form if its signature has the same number
++ of paramter types as arguments supplied to the form.  A special
++ case is made for a modemap whose sole parameter type is a Tuple.
++ In that case, it matches any number of supplied arguments.
getFormModemaps(form is [op,:argl],e) ==
  op is ["elt",domain,op1] =>
    [x for x in getFormModemaps([op1,:argl],e) | x is [[ =domain,:.],:.]]
  not atom op => nil
  modemapList:= get(op,"modemap",e)
  -- Within default implementations, modemaps cannot mention the
  -- current domain. 
  if $insideCategoryPackageIfTrue then
    modemapList := [x for x in modemapList | x is [[dom,:.],:.] and dom ^= '$]
  if op="elt"
     then modemapList:= eltModemapFilter(LAST argl,modemapList,e) or return nil
     else
      if op="setelt" then modemapList:=
        seteltModemapFilter(CADR argl,modemapList,e) or return nil
  nargs:= #argl
  finalModemapList:= [mm for (mm:= [[.,.,:sig],:.]) in modemapList 
                       | enoughArguments(argl,sig)]
  modemapList and null finalModemapList =>
    stackMessage('"no modemap for %1b with %2 arguments", [op,nargs])
  finalModemapList

++ We are either compiling a function call, or trying to determine
++ whether we know something about a function being defined with
++ parameters are not declared in the definition.  `sigs' is the list of
++ candidate signatures for `nargs' arguments or parameters.  We need
++ to detemine whether any of the arguments are flags.  If any
++ operation takes a flag argument, then all other overloads must have
++ the same arity and must take flag argument in the same position.
++ Returns a vector of length `nargs' with positive entries indicating
++ flag arguments, and negative entries for normal argument passing.
checkCallingConvention(sigs,nargs) ==
  v := makeFilledSimpleArray("%Short",nargs,0)
  for sig in sigs repeat
    for t in rest sig 
      for i in 0.. repeat
         isQuasiquote t => 
           v.i < 0 => userError '"flag argument restriction violation"
           v.i := v.i + 1
         v.i > 0 => userError '"flag argument restriction violation"
         v.i := v.i - 1
  v


eltModemapFilter(name,mmList,e) ==
  isConstantId(name,e) =>
    l:= [mm for mm in mmList | mm is [[.,.,.,sel,:.],:.] and sel=name] => l
            --there are elts with extra parameters
    stackMessage('"selector variable: %1b is undeclared and unbound",[name])
    nil
  mmList

seteltModemapFilter(name,mmList,e) ==
  isConstantId(name,e) =>
    l:= [mm for (mm:= [[.,.,.,sel,:.],:.]) in mmList | sel=name] => l
            --there are setelts with extra parameters
    stackMessage('"selector variable: %1b is undeclared and unbound",[name])
    nil
  mmList


compApply(sig,varl,body,argl,m,e) ==
  argTl:= [[.,.,e]:= comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) for x in argl]
  contour:=
    [Pair(x,[["mode",m'],["value",removeEnv comp(a,m',e)]])
      for x in varl for m' in sig.source for a in argl]
  code:= [["LAMBDA",varl,body'],:[T.expr for T in argTl]]
  m':= resolve(m,sig.target)
  body':= (comp(body,m',addContour(contour,e))).expr
  [code,m',e]

compToApply(op,argl,m,e) ==
  T:= compNoStacking(op,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  m1:= T.mode
  T.expr is ["QUOTE", =m1] => nil
  compApplication(op,argl,m,T.env,T)

compApplication(op,argl,m,e,T) ==
  T.mode is ['Mapping, retm, :argml] =>
    #argl ^= #argml => nil
    retm := resolve(m, retm)
    retm = $Category or isCategoryForm(retm,e) => nil  -- not handled
    argTl := [[.,.,e] := comp(x,m,e) or return "failed"
              for x in argl for m in argml]
    argTl = "failed" => nil
    form:=
      not (member(op,$formalArgList) or member(T.expr,$formalArgList)) and ATOM T.expr =>
        nprefix := $prefix or
        -- following needed for referencing local funs at capsule level
           getAbbreviation($op,#rest $form)
        [op',:[a.expr for a in argTl],"$"] where
          op':= INTERN STRCONC(encodeItem nprefix,";",encodeItem T.expr)
      ['call, ['applyFun, T.expr], :[a.expr for a in argTl]]
    coerce([form, retm, e],resolve(retm,m))
  op = 'elt => nil
  eltForm := ['elt, op, :argl]
  comp(eltForm, m, e)

++ `form' is a call to a operation described by the signature `sig'.
++ Massage the call so that homogeneous variable length argument lists
++ are properly tuplified.
reshapeArgumentList(form,sig) ==
  [op,:args] := form
  wantArgumentsAsTuple(args,sig) => [op,["%Comma",:args]]
  form

substituteIntoFunctorModemap(argl,modemap is [[dc,:sig],:.],e) ==
  #dc^=#sig =>
    keyedSystemError("S2GE0016",['"substituteIntoFunctorModemap",
      '"Incompatible maps"])
  #argl=#rest sig =>
                        --here, we actually have a functor form
    sig:= EQSUBSTLIST(argl,rest dc,sig)
      --make new modemap, subst. actual for formal parametersinto modemap
    Tl:= [[.,.,e]:= compOrCroak(a,m,e) for a in argl for m in rest sig]
    substitutionList:= [[x,:T.expr] for x in rest dc for T in Tl]
    [SUBLIS(substitutionList,modemap),e]
  nil

--% SPECIAL EVALUATION FUNCTIONS

compConstructorCategory(x,m,e) == [x,resolve($Category,m),e]

compString(x,m,e) == [x,resolve($StringCategory,m),e]

--% SUBSET CATEGORY

compSubsetCategory: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compSubsetCategory(["SubsetCategory",cat,R],m,e) ==
  --1. put "Subsets" property on R to allow directly coercion to subset;
  --   allow automatic coercion from subset to R but not vice versa
  e:= put(R,"Subsets",[[$lhsOfColon,"isFalse"]],e)
  --2. give the subset domain modemaps of cat plus 3 new functions
  comp(["Join",cat,C'],m,e) where
    C'() ==
      substitute($lhsOfColon,"$",C'') where
        C''() ==
          ["CATEGORY","domain",["SIGNATURE","coerce",[R,"$"]],["SIGNATURE",
            "lift",[R,"$"]],["SIGNATURE","reduce",["$",R]]]

--% CONS

compCons: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compCons1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple

compCons(form,m,e) == compCons1(form,m,e) or compForm(form,m,e)

compCons1(["CONS",x,y],m,e) ==
  [x,mx,e]:= comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  null y => convert([["LIST",x],["List",mx],e],m)
  yt:= [y,my,e]:= comp(y,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  T:=
    my is ["List",m',:.] =>
      mr:= ["List",resolve(m',mx) or return nil]
      yt':= convert(yt,mr) or return nil
      [x,.,e]:= convert([x,mx,yt'.env],CADR mr) or return nil
      yt'.expr is ["LIST",:.] => [["LIST",x,:rest yt'.expr],mr,e]
      [["CONS",x,yt'.expr],mr,e]
    [["CONS",x,y],["Pair",mx,my],e]
  convert(T,m)

--% SETQ

compSetq: (%List,%Thing,%List) -> %List
compSetq1: (%Form,%Thing,%Mode,%List) -> %List

compSetq(["%LET",form,val],m,E) == compSetq1(form,val,m,E)

compSetq1(form,val,m,E) ==
  IDENTP form => setqSingle(form,val,m,E)
  form is [":",x,y] =>
    [.,.,E']:= compMakeDeclaration(form,$EmptyMode,E)
    compSetq(["%LET",x,val],m,E')
  form is [op,:l] =>
    op="CONS"  => setqMultiple(uncons form,val,m,E)
    op="%Comma" => setqMultiple(l,val,m,E)
    setqSetelt(form,val,m,E)

compMakeDeclaration: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compMakeDeclaration(x,m,e) ==
  $insideExpressionIfTrue: local := false
  compColon(x,m,e)

setqSetelt([v,:s],val,m,E) ==
  comp(["setelt",v,:s,val],m,E)

setqSingle(id,val,m,E) ==
  $insideSetqSingleIfTrue: local:= true
    --used for comping domain forms within functions
  currentProplist:= getProplist(id,E)
  m'':=
    get(id,'mode,E) or getmode(id,E) or
       (if m=$NoValueMode then $EmptyMode else m)
-- m'':= LASSOC("mode",currentProplist) or $EmptyMode
       --for above line to work, line 3 of compNoStackingis required
  T:=
    eval or return nil where
      eval() ==
        T:= comp(val,m'',E) => T
        not get(id,"mode",E) and m'' ^= (maxm'':=maxSuperType(m'',E)) and
           (T:=comp(val,maxm'',E)) => T
        (T:= comp(val,$EmptyMode,E)) and getmode(T.mode,E) =>
          assignError(val,T.mode,id,m'')
  T':= [x,m',e']:= convert(T,m) or return nil
  if $profileCompiler = true then
    null IDENTP id => nil
    key :=
      MEMQ(id,rest $form) => 'arguments
      'locals
    profileRecord(key,id,T.mode)
  newProplist:= consProplistOf(id,currentProplist,"value",removeEnv [val,:rest T])
  e':= (PAIRP id => e'; addBinding(id,newProplist,e'))
  if isDomainForm(val,e') then
    if isDomainInScope(id,e') then
      stackWarning("domain valued variable %1b has been reassigned within its scope",[id])
    e':= augModemapsFromDomain1(id,val,e')
      --all we do now is to allocate a slot number for lhs
      --e.g. the %LET form below will be changed by putInLocalDomainReferences
--+
  if (k:=NRTassocIndex(id))
     then form:=['SETELT,"$",k,x]
     else form:=
         $QuickLet => ["%LET",id,x]
         ["%LET",id,x,
            (isDomainForm(x,e') => ['ELT,id,0];CAR outputComp(id,e'))]
  [form,m',e']

assignError(val,m',form,m) ==
  val =>
    stackMessage('"CANNOT ASSIGN: %1b OF MODE: %2pb TO: %3b OF MODE: %4bp",
      [val,m',form,m])
  stackMessage('"CANNOT ASSIGN: %1b TO: %2b OF MODE: %3pb",[val,form,m])

setqMultiple(nameList,val,m,e) ==
  val is ["CONS",:.] and m=$NoValueMode =>
    setqMultipleExplicit(nameList,uncons val,m,e)
  val is ["%Comma",:l] and m=$NoValueMode => setqMultipleExplicit(nameList,l,m,e)
  1 --create a gensym, %add to local environment, compile and assign rhs
  g:= genVariable()
  e:= addBinding(g,nil,e)
  T:= [.,m1,.]:= compSetq1(g,val,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  e:= put(g,"mode",m1,e)
  [x,m',e]:= convert(T,m) or return nil
  1.1 --exit if result is a list
  m1 is ["List",D] =>
    for y in nameList repeat e:= put(y,"value",[genSomeVariable(),D,$noEnv],e)
    convert([["PROGN",x,["%LET",nameList,g],g],m',e],m)
  2 --verify that the #nameList = number of parts of right-hand-side
  selectorModePairs:=
                                                --list of modes
    decompose(m1,#nameList,e) or return nil where
      decompose(t,length,e) ==
        t is ["Record",:l] => [[name,:mode] for [":",name,mode] in l]
        comp(t,$EmptyMode,e) is [.,["RecordCategory",:l],.] =>
          [[name,:mode] for [":",name,mode] in l]
        stackMessage('"no multiple assigns to mode: %1p",[t])
  #nameList^=#selectorModePairs =>
    stackMessage('"%1b must decompose into %2 components",[val,#nameList])
  3 --generate code; return
  assignList:=
    [([.,.,e]:= compSetq1(x,["elt",g,y],z,e) or return "failed").expr
      for x in nameList for [y,:z] in selectorModePairs]
  if assignList="failed" then NIL
  else [MKPROGN [x,:assignList,g],m',e]

setqMultipleExplicit(nameList,valList,m,e) ==
  #nameList^=#valList =>
    stackMessage('"Multiple assignment error; # of items in: %1b must = # in: %2",[nameList,valList])
  gensymList:= [genVariable() for name in nameList]
  assignList:=
             --should be fixed to declare genVar when possible
    [[.,.,e]:= compSetq1(g,val,$EmptyMode,e) or return "failed"
      for g in gensymList for val in valList]
  assignList="failed" => nil
  reAssignList:=
    [[.,.,e]:= compSetq1(name,g,$EmptyMode,e) or return "failed"
      for g in gensymList for name in nameList]
  reAssignList="failed" => nil
  [["PROGN",:[T.expr for T in assignList],:[T.expr for T in reAssignList]],
    $NoValueMode, (LAST reAssignList).env]

--% Quasiquotation

++ Compile a quotation `[| form |]'.  form is not type-checked, and
++ is returned as is.  Note:  when get to support splicing, we would
++ need to scan `form' to see whether there is any computation that
++ must be done.
++ ??? Another strategy would be to infer a more accurate domain
++ ??? based on the meta operator, e.g. (DEF ...) would be a
++ DefinitionAst, etc.  That however requires that we have a full
++ fledged AST algebra -- which we don't have yet in mainstream.
compileQuasiquote: (%List,%Thing,%List) -> %List
compileQuasiquote(["[||]",:form],m,e) ==
  null form => nil
  coerce([["QUOTE", :form],$Syntax,e], m)


--% WHERE
compWhere: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compWhere([.,form,:exprList],m,eInit) ==
  $insideExpressionIfTrue: local:= false
  $insideWhereIfTrue: local:= true
  e:= eInit
  u:=
    for item in exprList repeat
      [.,.,e]:= comp(item,$EmptyMode,e) or return "failed"
  u="failed" => return nil
  $insideWhereIfTrue:= false
  [x,m,eAfter]:= comp(macroExpand(form,eBefore:= e),m,e) or return nil
  eFinal:=
    del:= deltaContour(eAfter,eBefore) => addContour(del,eInit)
    eInit
  [x,m,eFinal]

compConstruct: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compConstruct(form is ["construct",:l],m,e) ==
  y:= modeIsAggregateOf("List",m,e) =>
    T:= compList(l,["List",CADR y],e) => convert(T,m)
    compForm(form,m,e)
  y:= modeIsAggregateOf("Vector",m,e) =>
    T:= compVector(l,["Vector",CADR y],e) => convert(T,m)
    compForm(form,m,e)
  T:= compForm(form,m,e) => T
  for D in getDomainsInScope e repeat
    (y:=modeIsAggregateOf("List",D,e)) and
      (T:= compList(l,["List",CADR y],e)) and (T':= convert(T,m)) =>
         return T'
    (y:=modeIsAggregateOf("Vector",D,e)) and
      (T:= compVector(l,["Vector",CADR y],e)) and (T':= convert(T,m)) =>
         return T'

++ Compile a literal (quoted) symbol.
compQuote: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compQuote(expr,m,e) == 
  expr is ["QUOTE",x] and SYMBOLP x => convert([expr,$Symbol,e],m)
  stackAndThrow('"%1b is not a literal symbol.",[x])

compList: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compList(l,m is ["List",mUnder],e) ==
  null l => [NIL,m,e]
  Tl:= [[.,mUnder,e]:= comp(x,mUnder,e) or return "failed" for x in l]
  Tl="failed" => nil
  T:= [["LIST",:[T.expr for T in Tl]],["List",mUnder],e]

compVector: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compVector(l,m is ["Vector",mUnder],e) ==
  null l => [$EmptyVector,m,e]
  Tl:= [[.,mUnder,e]:= comp(x,mUnder,e) or return "failed" for x in l]
  Tl="failed" => nil
  [["VECTOR",:[T.expr for T in Tl]],m,e]

--% MACROS
compMacro(form,m,e) ==
  $macroIfTrue: local:= true
  ["MDEF",lhs,signature,specialCases,rhs]:= form
  prhs :=
    rhs is ['CATEGORY,:.] => ['"-- the constructor category"]
    rhs is ['Join,:.]     => ['"-- the constructor category"]
    rhs is ['CAPSULE,:.]  => ['"-- the constructor capsule"]
    rhs is ['add,:.]      => ['"-- the constructor capsule"]
    formatUnabbreviated rhs
  sayBrightly ['"   processing macro definition",'%b,
    :formatUnabbreviated lhs,'" ==> ",:prhs,'%d]
  m=$EmptyMode or m=$NoValueMode =>
    ["/throwAway",$NoValueMode,put(first lhs,"macro",macroExpand(rhs,e),e)]

--% SEQ

compSeq: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compSeq1: (%Form,%List,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compSeqItem: (%Thing,%Thing,%List) -> %List

compSeq(["SEQ",:l],m,e) == compSeq1(l,[m,:$exitModeStack],e)

compSeq1(l,$exitModeStack,e) ==
  $insideExpressionIfTrue: local
  $finalEnv: local
           --used in replaceExitEtc.
  c:=
    [([.,.,e]:=


      --this used to be compOrCroak-- but changed so we can back out

        ($insideExpressionIfTrue:= NIL; compSeqItem(x,$NoValueMode,e) or return
          "failed")).expr for x in l]
  if c="failed" then return nil
  catchTag:= MKQ GENSYM()
  form:= ["SEQ",:replaceExitEtc(c,catchTag,"TAGGEDexit",$exitModeStack.(0))]
  [["CATCH",catchTag,form],$exitModeStack.(0),$finalEnv]

compSeqItem(x,m,e) == comp(macroExpand(x,e),m,e)

replaceExitEtc(x,tag,opFlag,opMode) ==
  (fn(x,tag,opFlag,opMode); x) where
    fn(x,tag,opFlag,opMode) ==
      atom x => nil
      x is ["QUOTE",:.] => nil
      x is [ =opFlag,n,t] =>
        rplac(CAADDR x,replaceExitEtc(CAADDR x,tag,opFlag,opMode))
        n=0 =>
          $finalEnv:=
                  --bound in compSeq1 and compDefineCapsuleFunction
            $finalEnv => intersectionEnvironment($finalEnv,t.env)
            t.env
          rplac(first x,"THROW")
          rplac(CADR x,tag)
          rplac(CADDR x,(convertOrCroak(t,opMode)).expr)
        true => rplac(CADR x,CADR x-1)
      x is [key,n,t] and MEMQ(key,'(TAGGEDreturn TAGGEDexit)) =>
        rplac(first t,replaceExitEtc(first t,tag,opFlag,opMode))
      replaceExitEtc(first x,tag,opFlag,opMode)
      replaceExitEtc(rest x,tag,opFlag,opMode)

--% SUCHTHAT
compSuchthat: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compSuchthat([.,x,p],m,e) ==
  [x',m',e]:= comp(x,m,e) or return nil
  [p',.,e]:= comp(p,$Boolean,e) or return nil
  e:= put(x',"condition",p',e)
  [x',m',e]

--% exit

compExit: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compExit(["exit",level,x],m,e) ==
  index:= level-1
  $exitModeStack = [] => comp(x,m,e)
  m1:= $exitModeStack.index
  [x',m',e']:=
    u:=
      comp(x,m1,e) or return
        stackMessageIfNone ["cannot compile exit expression",x,"in mode",m1]
  modifyModeStack(m',index)
  [["TAGGEDexit",index,u],m,e]

modifyModeStack(m,index) ==
  $reportExitModeStack =>
    SAY("exitModeStack: ",COPY $exitModeStack," ====> ",
      ($exitModeStack.index:= resolve(m,$exitModeStack.index); $exitModeStack))
  $exitModeStack.index:= resolve(m,$exitModeStack.index)

compLeave: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compLeave(["leave",level,x],m,e) ==
  index:= #$exitModeStack-1-$leaveLevelStack.(level-1)
  [x',m',e']:= u:= comp(x,$exitModeStack.index,e) or return nil
  modifyModeStack(m',index)
  [["TAGGEDexit",index,u],m,e]

--% return

compReturn: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compReturn(["return",level,x],m,e) ==
  null $exitModeStack =>
    stackAndThrow('"the return before %1b is unneccessary",[x])
    nil
  level^=1 => userError '"multi-level returns not supported"
  index:= MAX(0,#$exitModeStack-1)
  if index>=0 then $returnMode:= resolve($exitModeStack.index,$returnMode)
  [x',m',e']:= u:= comp(x,$returnMode,e) or return nil
  if index>=0 then
    $returnMode:= resolve(m',$returnMode)
    modifyModeStack(m',index)
  [["TAGGEDreturn",0,u],m,e']

--% ELT

compElt: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compElt(form,m,E) ==
  form isnt ["elt",aDomain,anOp] => compForm(form,m,E)
  aDomain="Lisp" =>
    [anOp',m,E] where anOp'() == (anOp=$Zero => 0; anOp=$One => 1; anOp)
  isDomainForm(aDomain,E) =>
    E:= addDomain(aDomain,E)
    mmList:= getModemapListFromDomain(anOp,0,aDomain,E)
    modemap:=
      n:=#mmList
      1=n => mmList.(0)
      0=n =>
        return
          stackMessage('"Operation %1b missing from domain: %2p",
            [anOp,aDomain])
      stackWarning('"more than 1 modemap for: %1 with dc = %2p ===> %3",
        [anOp,aDomain,mmList])
      mmList.(0)
    [sig,[pred,val]]:= modemap
    #sig^=2 and ^val is ["elt",:.] => nil --what does the second clause do ????
--+
    val := genDeltaEntry [opOf anOp,:modemap]
    convert([["call",val],first rest sig,E], m) --implies fn calls used to access constants
  compForm(form,m,E)

--% HAS

compHas: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compHas(pred is ["has",a,b],m,$e) ==
  --b is (":",:.) => (.,.,E):= comp(b,$EmptyMode,E)
  $e:= chaseInferences(pred,$e)
  --pred':= ("has",a',b') := formatHas(pred)
  predCode:= compHasFormat pred
  coerce([predCode,$Boolean,$e],m)

      --used in various other places to make the discrimination

compHasFormat (pred is ["has",olda,b]) ==
  argl := rest $form
  formals := TAKE(#argl,$FormalMapVariableList)
  a := SUBLISLIS(argl,formals,olda)
  [a,:.] := comp(a,$EmptyMode,$e) or return nil
  a := SUBLISLIS(formals,argl,a)
  b is ["ATTRIBUTE",c] => ["HasAttribute",a,["QUOTE",c]]
  b is ["SIGNATURE",op,sig] =>
     ["HasSignature",a,
       mkList [MKQ op,mkList [mkDomainConstructor type for type in sig]]]
  isDomainForm(b,$EmptyEnvironment) => ["EQUAL",a,b]
  ["HasCategory",a,mkDomainConstructor b]

--% IF

compIf: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compBoolean: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %List
compFromIf: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple

compIf(["IF",a,b,c],m,E) ==
  [xa,ma,Ea,Einv]:= compBoolean(a,$Boolean,E) or return nil
  [xb,mb,Eb]:= Tb:= compFromIf(b,m,Ea) or return nil
  [xc,mc,Ec]:= Tc:= compFromIf(c,resolve(mb,m),Einv) or return nil
  xb':= coerce(Tb,mc) or return nil
  x:= ["IF",xa,quotify xb'.expr,quotify xc]
  (returnEnv:= Env(xb'.env,Ec,xb'.expr,xc,E)) where
    Env(bEnv,cEnv,b,c,E) ==
      canReturn(b,0,0,true) =>
        (canReturn(c,0,0,true) => intersectionEnvironment(bEnv,cEnv); bEnv)
      canReturn(c,0,0,true) => cEnv
      E
  [x,mc,returnEnv]

canReturn(expr,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) ==  --SPAD: exit and friends
  atom expr => ValueFlag and level=exitCount
  (op:= first expr)="QUOTE" => ValueFlag and level=exitCount
  op="TAGGEDexit" =>
    expr is [.,count,data] => canReturn(data.expr,level,count,count=level)
  level=exitCount and not ValueFlag => nil
  op="SEQ" => or/[canReturn(u,level+1,exitCount,false) for u in rest expr]
  op="TAGGEDreturn" => nil
  op="CATCH" =>
    [.,gs,data]:= expr
    (findThrow(gs,data,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) => true) where
      findThrow(gs,expr,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) ==
        atom expr => nil
        expr is ["THROW", =gs,data] => true
            --this is pessimistic, but I know of no more accurate idea
        expr is ["SEQ",:l] =>
          or/[findThrow(gs,u,level+1,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in l]
        or/[findThrow(gs,u,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in rest expr]
    canReturn(data,level,exitCount,ValueFlag)
  op = "COND" =>
    level = exitCount =>
      or/[canReturn(last u,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in rest expr]
    or/[or/[canReturn(u,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in v]
                for v in rest expr]
  op="IF" =>
    expr is [.,a,b,c]
    if not canReturn(a,0,0,true) then
      SAY "IF statement can not cause consequents to be executed"
      pp expr
    canReturn(a,level,exitCount,nil) or canReturn(b,level,exitCount,ValueFlag)
      or canReturn(c,level,exitCount,ValueFlag)
  --now we have an ordinary form
  atom op => and/[canReturn(u,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in expr]
  op is ["XLAM",args,bods] =>
    and/[canReturn(u,level,exitCount,ValueFlag) for u in expr]
  systemErrorHere '"canReturn" --for the time being

compBoolean(p,m,E) ==
  [p',m,E]:= comp(p,m,E) or return nil
  [p',m,getSuccessEnvironment(p,E),getInverseEnvironment(p,E)]

getSuccessEnvironment(a,e) ==

  -- the next four lines try to ensure that explicit special-case tests
  --  prevent implicit ones from being generated
  a is ["has",x,m] =>
    IDENTP x and isDomainForm(m,$EmptyEnvironment) => put(x,"specialCase",m,e)
    e
  a is ["is",id,m] =>
    IDENTP id and isDomainForm(m,$EmptyEnvironment) =>
         e:=put(id,"specialCase",m,e)
         currentProplist:= getProplist(id,e)
         [.,.,e] := T := comp(m,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil -- duplicates compIs
         newProplist:= consProplistOf(id,currentProplist,"value",[m,:rest removeEnv T])
         addBinding(id,newProplist,e)
    e
  a is ["case",x,m] and IDENTP x =>
    put(x,"condition",[a,:get(x,"condition",e)],e)
  e

getInverseEnvironment(a,E) ==
  atom a => E
  [op,:argl]:= a
-- the next five lines try to ensure that explicit special-case tests
-- prevent implicit ones from being generated
  op="has" =>
    [x,m]:= argl
    IDENTP x and isDomainForm(m,$EmptyEnvironment) => put(x,"specialCase",m,E)
    E
  a is ["case",x,m] and IDENTP x =>
           --the next two lines are necessary to get 3-branched Unions to work
           -- old-style unions, that is
    (get(x,"condition",E) is [["OR",:oldpred]]) and member(a,oldpred) =>
      put(x,"condition",LIST MKPF(delete(a,oldpred),"OR"),E)
    getUnionMode(x,E) is ["Union",:l]
    l':= delete(m,l)
    for u in l' repeat
       if u is ['_:,=m,:.] then l':= delete(u,l')
    newpred:= MKPF([["case",x,m'] for m' in l'],"OR")
    put(x,"condition",[newpred,:get(x,"condition",E)],E)
  E

getUnionMode(x,e) ==
  m:=
    atom x => getmode(x,e)
    return nil
  isUnionMode(m,e)

isUnionMode(m,e) ==
  m is ["Union",:.] => m
  (m':= getmode(m,e)) is ["Mapping",["UnionCategory",:.]] => CADR m'
  v:= get(RepIfRepHack m,"value",e) =>
    (v.expr is ["Union",:.] => v.expr; nil)
  nil

compFromIf(a,m,E) ==
  a="%noBranch" => ["%noBranch",m,E]
  true => comp(a,m,E)

quotify x == x

compImport: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compImport(["import",:doms],m,e) ==
  for dom in doms repeat e:=addDomain(dom,e)
  ["/throwAway",$NoValueMode,e]

--% Compilation of logical operators that may have a pre-defined
--% meaning, or may need special handling because or short-circuiting
--% etc.

++ compile a logical negation form `(not ...)'.
compNot: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compNot(x,m,e) ==
  x isnt ["not", y] => nil
  -- ??? For the time being compiler values cannot handle operations
  -- ??? selected through general modemaps, and their semantics
  -- ??? are quite hardwired with their syntax.
  -- ??? Eventually, we should not need to do this.
  $normalizeTree => compIf(["IF",y,"false","true"],m,e)
  compForm(x,m,e)

--% Case
compCase: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compCase1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple

--Will the jerk who commented out these two functions please NOT do so
--again.  These functions ARE needed, and case can NOT be done by
--modemap alone.  The reason is that A case B requires to take A
--evaluated, but B unevaluated.  Therefore a special function is
--required.  You may have thought that you had tested this on "failed"
--etc., but "failed" evaluates to it's own mode.  Try it on x case $
--next time.
--                An angry JHD - August 15th., 1984

compCase(["case",x,m'],m,e) ==
  e:= addDomain(m',e)
  T:= compCase1(x,m',e) => coerce(T,m)
  nil

compCase1(x,m,e) ==
  [x',m',e']:= comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  u:=
    [modemap
      for (modemap := [map,cexpr]) in getModemapList("case",2,e') 
        | map is [.,=$Boolean,s,t] and modeEqual(maybeSpliceMode t,m) 
            and modeEqual(s,m')] or return nil
  fn:= (or/[mm for (mm := [.,[cond,selfn]]) in u | cond=true]) or return nil
  fn := genDeltaEntry ["case",:fn]
  -- user-defined `case' functions really are binary, as opposed to
  -- the compiler-synthetized versions for Union instances.  
  not isUnionMode(m',e') => [["call",fn,x',MKQ m],$Boolean,e']
  [["call",fn,x'],$Boolean,e']


++ For `case' operation implemented in library, the second operand
++ (target type) is taken unevaluated. The corresponding parameter 
++ type in the modemap was specified as quasiquotation.  We
++ want to look at the actual type when comparing with modeEqual.
maybeSpliceMode: %Mode -> %Mode
maybeSpliceMode m ==
  (m' := isQuasiquote m) => m'
  m

compColon: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compColon([":",f,t],m,e) ==
  $insideExpressionIfTrue=true => compColonInside(f,m,e,t)
    --if inside an expression, ":" means to convert to m "on faith"
  $lhsOfColon: local:= f
  t:=
    atom t and (t':= assoc(t,getDomainsInScope e)) => t'
    isDomainForm(t,e) and not $insideCategoryIfTrue =>
      (if not member(t,getDomainsInScope e) then e:= addDomain(t,e); t)
    isDomainForm(t,e) or isCategoryForm(t,e) => t
    t is ["Mapping",m',:r] => t
    STRINGP t => t              -- literal flag types are OK
    unknownTypeError t
    t
  f is ["LISTOF",:l] =>
    (for x in l repeat T:= [.,.,e]:= compColon([":",x,t],m,e); T)
  e:=
    f is [op,:argl] and not (t is ["Mapping",:.]) =>
      --for MPOLY--replace parameters by formal arguments: RDJ 3/83
      newTarget:= EQSUBSTLIST(take(#argl,$FormalMapVariableList),
        [(x is [":",a,m] => a; x) for x in argl],t)
      signature:=
        ["Mapping",newTarget,:
          [(x is [":",a,m] => m;
              getmode(x,e) or systemErrorHere '"compColonOld") for x in argl]]
      put(op,"mode",signature,e)
    put(f,"mode",t,e)
  if not $bootStrapMode and $insideFunctorIfTrue and
    makeCategoryForm(t,e) is [catform,e] then
        e:= put(f,"value",[genSomeVariable(),t,$noEnv],e)
  ["/throwAway",getmode(f,e),e]

unknownTypeError name ==
  name:=
    name is [op,:.] => op
    name
  stackAndThrow('"%1b is not a known type",[name])

compPretend: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compPretend(["pretend",x,t],m,e) ==
  e:= addDomain(t,e)
  T:= comp(x,t,e) or comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  t' := T.mode            -- save this, in case we need to make suggestions
  T:= [T.expr,t,T.env]
  T':= coerce(T,m) => 
    -- If the `pretend' wasn't necessary, we should advise user to use
    -- less crude way of selecting expressions of thr `right type'.
    if t' = t then 
      stackWarning('"pretend %1p -- should replace by @",[t])
    T'
  nil

compColonInside(x,m,e,m') ==
  e:= addDomain(m',e)
  T:= comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  if (m'':=T.mode)=m' then warningMessage:= [":",m'," -- should replace by @"]
  T:= [T.expr,m',T.env]
  T':= coerce(T,m) =>
    if m'' = m' then
       stackWarning('": %1p -- should replace by @",[m'])
    else
       stackWarning('" : %1p -- replace by pretend", [m'])
    T'

compIs: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compIs(["is",a,b],m,e) ==
  [aval,am,e] := comp(a,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  [bval,bm,e] := comp(b,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  T:= [["domainEqual",aval,bval],$Boolean,e]
  coerce(T,m)

--%  Functions for coercion by the compiler

--  The function coerce is used by the old compiler for coercions.
--  The function coerceInteractive is used by the interpreter.
--  One should always call the correct function, since the represent-
--  ation of basic objects may not be the same.

coerce(T,m) ==
  $InteractiveMode =>
    keyedSystemError("S2GE0016",['"coerce",
      '"function coerce called from the interpreter."])
  if $useRepresentationHack then
    rplac(CADR T,MSUBST("$",$Rep,CADR T))
  T':= coerceEasy(T,m) => T'
  T':= coerceSubset(T,m) => T'
  T':= coerceHard(T,m) => T'
  -- if from from coerceable, this coerce was just a trial coercion
  -- from compFormWithModemap to filter through the modemaps
  T.expr = "$fromCoerceable$" or isSomeDomainVariable m => nil
  stackMessage('"Cannot coerce %1b of mode %2pb to mode %3pb",
    [T.expr,T.mode,m])


coerceEasy: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceEasy(T,m) ==
  m=$EmptyMode => T
  m=$NoValueMode or m=$Void => [T.expr,m,T.env]
  T.mode =m => T
  T.mode =$NoValueMode => T
  T.mode =$Exit =>
      [["PROGN", T.expr, ["userError", '"Did not really exit."]],
        m,T.env]
  T.mode=$EmptyMode or modeEqualSubst(T.mode,m,T.env) =>
    [T.expr,m,T.env]


coerceSubset: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceSubset([x,m,e],m') ==
  isSubset(m,m',e) => [x,m',e]
  m is ['SubDomain,=m',:.] => [x,m',e]
  (pred:= LASSOC(opOf m',get(opOf m,'SubDomain,e))) and INTEGERP x and
     -- obviously this is temporary
    eval substitute(x,"#1",pred) => [x,m',e]
  (pred:= isSubset(m',maxSuperType(m,e),e)) and INTEGERP x -- again temporary
    and eval substitute(x,"*",pred) =>
      [x,m',e]
  nil

coerceHard: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceHard(T,m) ==
  $e: local:= T.env
  m':= T.mode
  STRINGP m' and modeEqual(m,$String) => [T.expr,m,$e]
  modeEqual(m',m) or
    (get(m',"value",$e) is [m'',:.] or getmode(m',$e) is ["Mapping",m'']) and
      modeEqual(m'',m) or
        (get(m,"value",$e) is [m'',:.] or getmode(m,$e) is ["Mapping",m'']) and
          modeEqual(m'',m') => [T.expr,m,T.env]
  STRINGP T.expr and T.expr=m => [T.expr,m,$e]
  isCategoryForm(m,$e) =>
      $bootStrapMode = true => [T.expr,m,$e]
      extendsCategoryForm(T.expr,T.mode,m) => [T.expr,m,$e]
      coerceExtraHard(T,m)
  (m' = "$" and m = $functorForm) or (m' = $functorForm and m = "$") =>
    [T.expr,m,$e]
  coerceExtraHard(T,m)

coerceExtraHard: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceExtraHard(T is [x,m',e],m) ==
  T':= autoCoerceByModemap(T,m) => T'
  isUnionMode(m',e) is ["Union",:l] and (t:= hasType(x,e)) and
    member(t,l) and (T':= autoCoerceByModemap(T,t)) and
      (T'':= coerce(T',m)) => T''
  m' is ['Record,:.] and m = $Expression =>
      [['coerceRe2E,x,['ELT,COPY m',0]],m,e]
  belongsTo?(m',["UnionType"],e) and hasUniqueCaseView(x,m,e) =>
    autoCoerceByModemap(T,m)
  -- Domain instantiations are first class objects
  m = $Domain =>
    m' = $Category => nil
    isCategoryForm(m',e) => [x,m',e]
    nil
  nil

++ returns true if mode `m' is known to belong to category `cat' in
++ the environment `e'.  This function is different from its cousines
++ `ofCategory', or `has'.  The latter perform runtime checks.  Here,
++ we are interested in a static approximation.  So, use with care.
belongsTo?(m,cat,e) ==
  c := get(m,"mode",e)
  c isnt ["Join",:cats] => nil
  member(cat,cats)

coerceable(m,m',e) ==
  m=m' => m
  -- must find any free parameters in m
  sl:= pmatch(m',m) => SUBLIS(sl,m')
  coerce(["$fromCoerceable$",m,e],m') => m'
  nil

coerceExit: (%Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceExit([x,m,e],m') ==
  m':= resolve(m,m')
  x':= replaceExitEtc(x,catchTag:= MKQ GENSYM(),"TAGGEDexit",$exitMode)
  coerce([["CATCH",catchTag,x'],m,e],m')

compAtSign: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compAtSign(["@",x,m'],m,e) ==
  e:= addDomain(m',e)
  T:= comp(x,m',e) or return nil
  coerce(T,m)

compCoerce: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compCoerce1: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
coerceByModemap: (%Maybe %Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple
autoCoerceByModemap: (%Maybe %Triple,%Mode) -> %Maybe %Triple

compCoerce(["::",x,m'],m,e) ==
  e:= addDomain(m',e)
  T:= compCoerce1(x,m',e) => coerce(T,m)
  getmode(m',e) is ["Mapping",["UnionCategory",:l]] =>
    T:= (or/[compCoerce1(x,m1,e) for m1 in l]) or return nil
    coerce([T.expr,m',T.env],m)

compCoerce1(x,m',e) ==
  T:= comp(x,m',e) or comp(x,$EmptyMode,e) or return nil
  m1:=
    STRINGP T.mode => $String
    T.mode
  m':=resolve(m1,m')
  T:=[T.expr,m1,T.env]
  T':= coerce(T,m') => T'
  T':= coerceByModemap(T,m') => T'
  pred:=isSubset(m',T.mode,e) =>
    gg:=GENSYM()
    pred:= substitute(gg,"*",pred)
    code:= ['PROG1,["%LET",gg,T.expr], ['check_-subtype,pred,MKQ m',gg]]
    [code,m',T.env]

coerceByModemap([x,m,e],m') ==
--+ modified 6/27 for new runtime system
  u:=
    [modemap
      for (modemap:= [map,cexpr]) in getModemapList("coerce",1,e) | map is [.,t,
        s] and (modeEqual(t,m') or isSubset(t,m',e))
           and (modeEqual(s,m) or isSubset(m,s,e))] or return nil

  --mm:= (or/[mm for (mm:=[.,[cond,.]]) in u | cond=true]) or return nil
  mm:=first u  -- patch for non-trival conditons
  fn :=
    genDeltaEntry ['coerce,:mm]
  [["call",fn,x],m',e]

autoCoerceByModemap([x,source,e],target) ==
  u:=
    [modemap
      for (modemap:= [map,cexpr]) in getModemapList("autoCoerce",1,e)
        | map is [.,t,s] and modeEqual(t,target) 
            and modeEqual(s,source)] or return nil
  fn:= (or/[mm for (mm := [.,[cond,selfn]]) in u | cond=true]) or return nil

  source is ["Union",:l] and member(target,l) =>
    (y:= get(x,"condition",e)) and (or/[u is ["case",., =target] for u in y])
       => [["call",genDeltaEntry ["autoCoerce", :fn],x],target,e]
    x="$fromCoerceable$" => nil
    stackMessage('"cannot coerce %1b of mode %2pb to %3pb without a case statement",
      [x,source,target])
  [["call",genDeltaEntry ["autoCoerce", :fn],x],target,e]


++ Compile a comma separated expression list. These typically are
++ tuple objects, or argument list in a call to a homogeneous
++ vararg operations.
compComma: (%Form,%Mode,%Env) -> %Maybe %Triple
compComma(form,m,e) ==
  form isnt ["%Comma",:argl] => systemErrorHere "compComma"
  Tl := [comp(a,$EmptyMode,e) or return "failed" for a in argl]
  Tl = "failed" => nil
  -- ??? Ideally, we would like to compile to a Cross type, then
  -- convert to the target type.  However, the current compiler and
  -- runtime data structures are not regular enough in their interfaces;
  -- so we make a special rule when compiling with a Tuple as target,
  -- we do the convertion here (instead of calling convert).  Semantically,
  -- there should be no difference, but it makes the compiler code
  -- less regular, with duplicated effort.
  m is ["Tuple",t] =>
    Tl' := [convert(T,t) or return "failed" for T in Tl]
    Tl' = "failed" => nil
    [["asTupleNew0", [T.expr for T in Tl']], m, e]
  T := [["LIST2VEC", [T.expr for T in Tl]], 
        ["Cross",:[T.mode for T in Tl]], e]
  convert(T,m)

--% Very old resolve
-- should only be used in the old (preWATT) compiler

resolve(din,dout) ==
  din=$NoValueMode or dout=$NoValueMode => $NoValueMode
  dout=$EmptyMode => din
  din^=dout and (STRINGP din or STRINGP dout) =>
    modeEqual(dout,$String) => dout
    modeEqual(din,$String) => nil
    mkUnion(din,dout)
  dout

modeEqual(x,y) ==
  -- this is the late modeEqual
  -- orders Unions
  atom x or atom y => x=y
  #x ^=#y => nil
  x is ['Union,:xl] and y is ['Union,:yl] =>
    for x1 in xl repeat
      for y1 in yl repeat
        modeEqual(x1,y1) =>
          xl := delete(x1,xl)
          yl := delete(y1,yl)
          return nil
    xl or yl => nil
    true
  (and/[modeEqual(u,v) for u in x for v in y])

modeEqualSubst(m1,m,e) ==
  modeEqual(m1, m) => true
  atom m1 => get(m1,"value",e) is [m',:.] and modeEqual(m',m)
  m1 is [op,:l1] and m is [=op,:l2]  and # l1 = # l2 =>
-- Above length test inserted JHD 4:47 on 15/8/86
-- Otherwise Records can get fouled up - consider expressIdealElt
-- in the DEFAULTS package
        and/[modeEqualSubst(xm1,xm2,e) for xm1 in l1 for xm2 in l2]
  nil

--% Things to support )compile

compileSpad2Cmd args ==
    -- This is the old compiler
    -- Assume we entered from the "compiler" function, so args ^= nil
    -- and is a file with file extension .spad.

    path := pathname args
    pathnameType path ^= '"spad" => throwKeyedMsg("S2IZ0082", nil)
    ^PROBE_-FILE path => throwKeyedMsg("S2IL0003",[namestring args])

    SETQ(_/EDITFILE, path)
    updateSourceFiles path
    sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0038",[namestring args])

    optList :=  '( _
      break _
      constructor _
      functions _
      library _
      lisp _
      new _
      old _
      nobreak _
      nolibrary _
      noquiet _
      vartrace _
      quiet _
      translate _
        )

    translateOldToNew        := nil

    $scanIfTrue              : local := nil
    $compileOnlyCertainItems : local := nil
    $f                       : local := nil  -- compiler
    $m                       : local := nil  --   variables

    -- following are for )quick option for code generation
    $QuickLet   : local := true

    fun         := ['rq, 'lib]
    constructor := nil
    $sourceFileTypes : local := '("SPAD")

    for opt in $options repeat
        [optname,:optargs] := opt
        fullopt := selectOptionLC(optname,optList,nil)

        fullopt = 'new         => error "Internal error: compileSpad2Cmd got )new"
        fullopt = 'old         => NIL     -- no opt
        fullopt = 'translate   => translateOldToNew := true

        fullopt = 'library     => fun.1 := 'lib
        fullopt = 'nolibrary   => fun.1 := 'nolib

        -- Ignore quiet/nonquiet if "constructor" is given.
        fullopt = 'quiet       => if fun.0 ^= 'c then fun.0 := 'rq
        fullopt = 'noquiet     => if fun.0 ^= 'c then fun.0 := 'rf
        fullopt = 'nobreak     => $scanIfTrue := true
        fullopt = 'break       => $scanIfTrue := nil
        fullopt = 'vartrace      =>
          $QuickLet  := false
        fullopt = 'lisp        =>
          throwKeyedMsg("S2IZ0036",['")lisp"])
        fullopt = 'functions   =>
            null optargs =>
              throwKeyedMsg("S2IZ0037",['")functions"])
            $compileOnlyCertainItems := optargs
        fullopt = 'constructor =>
            null optargs =>
              throwKeyedMsg("S2IZ0037",['")constructor"])
            fun.0       := 'c
            constructor := [unabbrev o for o in optargs]
        throwKeyedMsg("S2IZ0036",[STRCONC('")",object2String optname)])

    $InteractiveMode : local := nil
    -- avoid transformations based on syntax only
    $normalizeTree := false
    if translateOldToNew then
        spad2AsTranslatorAutoloadOnceTrigger()
        sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0085", nil)
        convertSpadToAsFile path
    else if $compileOnlyCertainItems then
        null constructor => sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0040",NIL)
        compilerDoitWithScreenedLisplib(constructor, fun)
    else
        compilerDoit(constructor, fun)
    if not $buildingSystemAlgebra then 
      extendLocalLibdb $newConlist
    terminateSystemCommand()
    spadPrompt()

convertSpadToAsFile path ==
    -- can assume path has type = .spad
    $globalMacroStack : local := nil       -- for spad -> as translator
    $abbreviationStack: local := nil       -- for spad -> as translator
    $macrosAlreadyPrinted: local := nil    -- for spad -> as translator
    SETQ($badStack, nil)                   --ditto  TEMP to check for bad code
    $newPaths: local := true               --ditto  TEMP
    $abbreviationsAlreadyPrinted: local := nil    -- for spad -> as translator
    $convertingSpadFile : local := true
    $options: local := '((nolib))      -- translator shouldn't create nrlibs
    SETQ(HT,MAKE_-HASHTABLE 'UEQUAL)

    newName := fnameMake(pathnameDirectory path, pathnameName path, '"as")
    canDoIt := true
    if not fnameWritable? newName then
        sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0086", [NAMESTRING newName])
        newName := fnameMake('".", pathnameName path, '"as")
        if not fnameWritable? newName then
            sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0087", [NAMESTRING newName])
            canDoIt := false
    not canDoIt => 'failure

    sayKeyedMsg("S2IZ0088", [NAMESTRING newName])

    $outStream :local := MAKE_-OUTSTREAM newName
    markSay('"#include _"axiom.as_"")
    markTerpri()
    CATCH("SPAD__READER",compiler [path])
    SHUT $outStream
    mkCheck()
    'done

compilerDoit(constructor, fun) ==
    $byConstructors : local := []
    $constructorsSeen : local := []
    fun = ['rf, 'lib]   => _/RQ_,LIB()    -- Ignore "noquiet".
    fun = ['rf, 'nolib] => _/RF()
    fun = ['rq, 'lib]   => _/RQ_,LIB()
    fun = ['rq, 'nolib] => _/RQ()
    fun = ['c,  'lib]   =>
      $byConstructors := [opOf x for x in constructor]
      _/RQ_,LIB()
      for ii in $byConstructors repeat
        null member(ii,$constructorsSeen) =>
          sayBrightly ['">>> Warning ",'%b,ii,'%d,'" was not found"]

compilerDoitWithScreenedLisplib(constructor, fun) ==
    EMBED('RWRITE,
          '(LAMBDA (KEY VALUE STREAM)
                   (COND ((AND (EQ STREAM $libFile)
                               (NOT (MEMBER KEY $saveableItems)))
                          VALUE)
                         ((NOT NIL)
                          (RWRITE KEY VALUE STREAM)))) )
    UNWIND_-PROTECT(compilerDoit(constructor,fun),
                   SEQ(UNEMBED 'RWRITE))


--% Categories

compCat(form is [functorName,:argl],m,e) ==
  fn:= GETL(functorName,"makeFunctionList") or return nil
  [funList,e]:= FUNCALL(fn,form,form,e)
  catForm:=
    ["Join",'(SetCategory),["CATEGORY","domain",:
      [["SIGNATURE",op,sig] for [op,sig,.] in funList | op^="="]]]
  --RDJ: for coercion purposes, it necessary to know it's a Set; I'm not
  --sure if it uses any of the other signatures(see extendsCategoryForm)
  [form,catForm,e]
 
--% APPLY MODEMAPS

compApplyModemap(form,modemap,$e,sl) ==
  [op,:argl] := form                   --form to be compiled
  [[mc,mr,:margl],:fnsel] := modemap   --modemap we are testing

  -- $e     is the current environment
  -- sl     substitution list, nil means bottom-up, otherwise top-down

  -- 0.  fail immediately if #argl=#margl

  if #argl^=#margl then return nil

  -- 1.  use modemap to evaluate arguments, returning failed if
  --     not possible

  lt:=
    [[.,m',$e]:=
      comp(y,g,$e) or return "failed" where
        g:= SUBLIS(sl,m) where
            sl:= pmatchWithSl(m',m,sl) for y in argl for m in margl]
  lt="failed" => return nil

  -- 2.  coerce each argument to final domain, returning failed
  --     if not possible

  lt':= [coerce(y,d) or return "failed"
         for y in lt for d in SUBLIS(sl,margl)]
  lt'="failed" => return nil

  -- 3.  obtain domain-specific function, if possible, and return

  --$bindings is bound by compMapCond
  [f,$bindings]:= compMapCond(op,mc,sl,fnsel) or return nil

--+ can no longer trust what the modemap says for a reference into
--+ an exterior domain (it is calculating the displacement based on view
--+ information which is no longer valid; thus ignore this index and
--+ store the signature instead.

  f is [op1,d,.] and member(op1,'(ELT CONST Subsumed)) =>
    [genDeltaEntry [op,:modemap],lt',$bindings]
  [f,lt',$bindings]

compMapCond(op,mc,$bindings,fnsel) ==
  or/[compMapCond'(u,op,mc,$bindings) for u in fnsel]

compMapCond'([cexpr,fnexpr],op,dc,bindings) ==
  compMapCond''(cexpr,dc) => compMapCondFun(fnexpr,op,dc,bindings)
  stackMessage('"not known that %1pb has %2pb",[dc,cexpr])

compMapCond''(cexpr,dc) ==
  cexpr=true => true
  --cexpr = "true" => true
  cexpr is ["AND",:l] => and/[compMapCond''(u,dc) for u in l]
  cexpr is ["OR",:l] => or/[compMapCond''(u,dc) for u in l]
  cexpr is ["not",u] => not compMapCond''(u,dc)
  cexpr is ["has",name,cat] => (knownInfo cexpr => true; false)
        --for the time being we'll stop here - shouldn't happen so far
        --$disregardConditionIfTrue => true
        --stackSemanticError(("not known that",'%b,name,
        -- '%d,"has",'%b,cat,'%d),nil)
  --now it must be an attribute
  member(["ATTRIBUTE",dc,cexpr],get("$Information","special",$e)) => true
  --for the time being we'll stop here - shouldn't happen so far
  stackMessage('"not known that %1pb has %2pb",[dc,cexpr])
  false

compMapCondFun(fnexpr,op,dc,bindings) == 
  [fnexpr,bindings]

--% Interface to the backend

compileFileQuietly path ==
  $OutputStream :=
    $InteractiveMode => MAKE_-BROADCAST_-STREAM()
    MAKE_-SYNONYM_-STREAM "*STANDARD-OUTPUT*"
  COMPILE_-FILE path

compAndDefine l ==
  _*COMP370_-APPLY_* := "PRINT-AND-EVAL-DEFUN"
  COMP l

compQuietly fn ==
  _*COMP370_-APPLY_* :=
    $InteractiveMode =>
      $compileDontDefineFunctions => "COMPILE-DEFUN"
      "EVAL-DEFUN"
    "PRINT-DEFUN"
  -- create a null outputstream if $InteractiveMode
  $OutputStream := 
    $InteractiveMode => MAKE_-BROADCAST_-STREAM()
    MAKE_-SYNONYM_-STREAM "*STANDARD-OUTPUT*"
  COMP fn

compileQuietly fn ==
  _*COMP370_-APPLY_* :=
     $InteractiveMode =>
       $compileDontDefineFunctions => "COMPILE-DEFUN"
       "EVAL-DEFUN"
     "PRINT-DEFUN"
  $OutputStream := 
    $InteractiveMode => MAKE_-BROADCAST_-STREAM()
    MAKE_-SYNONYM_-STREAM "*STANDARD-OUTPUT*"
  COMP370 fn


COMP l ==
  MAPCAR(function COMP_-2, MAPCAN(function COMP_-1,l))

COMP_-1 x ==
  fname := first x
  $FUNNAME := fname
  $FUNNAME__TAIL := [fname]
  lamex := second x
  $CLOSEDFNS := []
  lamex := COMP_-TRAN lamex
  COMP_-NEWNAM lamex
  -- Note that category constructors are evaluated before they
  -- their compiled, so this noise is not very helpful.
  if $verbose and FBOUNDP fname then
    FORMAT(true,'"~&~%;;;     ***       ~S REDEFINED~%",fname)
  [[fname,lamex],:$CLOSEDFNS]


--% Register compilers for special forms.
-- Those compilers are on the `SPECIAL' property of the corresponding
-- special form operator symbol.
for x in [["|", :"compSuchthat"],_
	  ["@", :"compAtSign"],_
	  [":", :"compColon"],_
	  ["::", :"compCoerce"],_
	  ["QUOTE", :"compQuote"],_
	  ["add", :"compAdd"],_
	  ["CAPSULE", :"compCapsule"],_
	  ["case", :"compCase"],_
	  ["CATEGORY", :"compCategory"],_
	  ["COLLECT", :"compRepeatOrCollect"],_
	  ["COLLECTV", :"compCollectV"],_
	  ["CONS", :"compCons"],_
	  ["construct", :"compConstruct"],_
	  ["DEF", :"compDefine"],_
	  ["elt", :"compElt"],_
	  ["Enumeration", :"compCat"],_
	  ["exit", :"compExit"],_
	  ["has", :"compHas"],_
	  ["IF", : "compIf"],_
	  ["import", :"compImport"],_
	  ["is", :"compIs"],_
	  ["Join", :"compJoin"],_
	  ["leave", :"compLeave"],_
	  ["%LET", :"compSetq"],_
	  ["MDEF", :"compMacro"],_
          ["not", :"compNot"],_
	  ["pretend", :"compPretend"],_
	  ["Record", :"compCat"],_
	  ["RecordCategory", :"compConstructorCategory"],_
	  ["REDUCE", :"compReduce"],_
	  ["REPEAT", :"compRepeatOrCollect"],_
	  ["return", :"compReturn"],_
	  ["SEQ", :"compSeq"],_
	  ["SETQ", :"compSetq"],_
	  ["SubDomain", :"compSubDomain"],_
	  ["SubsetCategory", :"compSubsetCategory"],_
	  ["Union", :"compCat"],_
	  ["Mapping", :"compCat"],_
	  ["UnionCategory", :"compConstructorCategory"],_
	  ["where", :"compWhere"],_
          ["%Comma",:"compComma"],_
          ["[||]", :"compileQuasiquote"]] repeat
  MAKEPROP(first x, "SPECIAL", rest x)