* boot/utility.boot (copyList): Define.

	(append!): Likewise.
	* boot/tokens.boot: Do not translate nconc.

35 files changed, 118 insertions, 78 deletions

diff --git a/src/ChangeLog b/src/ChangeLog
index 48ee4e22..47f9999e 100644
--- a/src/ChangeLog
+++ b/src/ChangeLog
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 2011-04-21  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
 
+	* boot/utility.boot (copyList): Define.
+	(append!): Likewise.
+	* boot/tokens.boot: Do not translate nconc.
+
+2011-04-21  Gabriel Dos Reis  <gdr@cs.tamu.edu>
+
 	* boot/tokens.boot: Don't translate lastNode anymore.
 	* boot/utility.boot (lastNode): Define.
 
diff --git a/src/boot/ast.boot b/src/boot/ast.boot
index e58179a2..0f09668b 100644
--- a/src/boot/ast.boot
+++ b/src/boot/ast.boot
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ bfWhere (context,expr)==
   a:=[[first d,second d,bfSUBLIS(opassoc,third d)]
                for d in defs]
   $wheredefs:=append(a,$wheredefs)
-  bfMKPROGN bfSUBLIS(opassoc,nconc(nondefs,[expr]))
+  bfMKPROGN bfSUBLIS(opassoc,append!(nondefs,[expr]))
  
 --shoeReadLispString(s,n)==
 --    n>= # s => nil
diff --git a/src/boot/strap/ast.clisp b/src/boot/strap/ast.clisp
index b903d432..36d45495 100644
--- a/src/boot/strap/ast.clisp
+++ b/src/boot/strap/ast.clisp
@@ -1975,7 +1975,7 @@
                   (SETQ |bfVar#124| (CDR |bfVar#124|)))))
         (SETQ |$wheredefs| (APPEND |a| |$wheredefs|))
         (|bfMKPROGN|
-            (|bfSUBLIS| |opassoc| (NCONC |nondefs| (LIST |expr|))))))))
+            (|bfSUBLIS| |opassoc| (|append!| |nondefs| (LIST |expr|))))))))
 
 (DEFUN |bfCompHash| (|op| |argl| |body|)
   (PROG (|computeFunction| |auxfn|)
diff --git a/src/boot/strap/tokens.clisp b/src/boot/strap/tokens.clisp
index 0de0c434..d19d76d8 100644
--- a/src/boot/strap/tokens.clisp
+++ b/src/boot/strap/tokens.clisp
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@
                   (LIST 'CONCAT "") (LIST 'MAX (- 999999))
                   (LIST 'MIN 999999) (LIST '* 1) (LIST '|times| 1)
                   (LIST 'CONS NIL) (LIST 'APPEND NIL)
-                  (LIST '|append| NIL) (LIST 'UNION NIL)
-                  (LIST 'UNIONQ NIL) (LIST '|union| NIL)
-                  (LIST 'NCONC NIL) (LIST '|and| T) (LIST '|or| NIL)
+                  (LIST '|append| NIL) (LIST '|append!| NIL)
+                  (LIST 'UNION NIL) (LIST 'UNIONQ NIL)
+                  (LIST '|union| NIL) (LIST '|and| T) (LIST '|or| NIL)
                   (LIST 'AND T) (LIST 'OR NIL)))
         (|i| NIL))
     (LOOP
@@ -224,7 +224,6 @@
                   (LIST '|lowerCase?| 'LOWER-CASE-P)
                   (LIST '|makeSymbol| 'INTERN)
                   (LIST '|maxIndex| 'MAXINDEX) (LIST '|mkpf| 'MKPF)
-                  (LIST '|nconc| 'NCONC)
                   (LIST '|newString| 'MAKE-STRING)
                   (LIST '|newVector| 'MAKE-ARRAY) (LIST '|nil| NIL)
                   (LIST '|not| 'NOT) (LIST '|null| 'NULL)
diff --git a/src/boot/strap/utility.clisp b/src/boot/strap/utility.clisp
index 9b7dbef4..5e6003fc 100644
--- a/src/boot/strap/utility.clisp
+++ b/src/boot/strap/utility.clisp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 (EXPORT '(|objectMember?| |symbolMember?| |stringMember?| |charMember?|
              |scalarMember?| |listMember?| |reverse| |reverse!|
-             |lastNode|))
+             |lastNode| |append!| |copyList|))
 
 (DEFUN |objectMember?| (|x| |l|)
   (LOOP
@@ -99,3 +99,23 @@
             (T (SETQ |l| |l'|))))
         |l|))))
 
+(DEFUN |copyList| (|l|)
+  (PROG (|l'| |t|)
+    (RETURN
+      (COND
+        ((NOT (CONSP |l|)) |l|)
+        (T (SETQ |l'| (SETQ |t| (LIST (CAR |l|))))
+           (LOOP
+             (PROGN
+               (SETQ |l| (CDR |l|))
+               (COND
+                 ((CONSP |l|) (RPLACD |t| (LIST (CAR |l|)))
+                  (SETQ |t| (CDR |t|)))
+                 (T (RPLACD |t| |l|) (RETURN |l'|))))))))))
+
+(DEFUN |append!| (|x| |y|)
+  (COND
+    ((NULL |x|) |y|)
+    ((NULL |y|) |x|)
+    (T (RPLACD (|lastNode| |x|) |y|) |x|)))
+
diff --git a/src/boot/tokens.boot b/src/boot/tokens.boot
index b89a2b67..3843b785 100644
--- a/src/boot/tokens.boot
+++ b/src/boot/tokens.boot
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ for i in [ _
       ["CONS",    nil] , _
       ["APPEND",  nil] , _
       ["append",  nil] , _
+      ["append!", nil] , _
       ["UNION",   nil] , _
       ["UNIONQ",  nil] , _
       ["union",   nil] , _
-      ["NCONC",   nil] , _
       ["and",    true] , _
       ["or",    false] , _
       ["AND",    true] , _
@@ -279,7 +279,6 @@ for i in [ _
   ["makeSymbol", "INTERN"] , _
   ["maxIndex", "MAXINDEX"] , _
   ["mkpf",        "MKPF"]  , _
-  ["nconc",      "NCONC"]  , _
   ["newString", "MAKE-STRING"], _
   ["newVector", "MAKE-ARRAY"], _
   ["nil"           ,NIL ]  , _
diff --git a/src/boot/utility.boot b/src/boot/utility.boot
index 8b1f242f..bde1090b 100644
--- a/src/boot/utility.boot
+++ b/src/boot/utility.boot
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
 import initial_-env
 namespace BOOTTRAN
 module utility (objectMember?, symbolMember?, stringMember?,
-  charMember?, scalarMember?, listMember?, reverse, reverse!, lastNode)
+  charMember?, scalarMember?, listMember?, reverse, reverse!,
+  lastNode, append!, copyList)
 
 --% membership operators
 
@@ -112,3 +113,23 @@ lastNode l ==
   while l is [.,:l'] and cons? l' repeat
     l := l'
   l
+
+--% list copying
+copyList l ==
+  not cons? l => l
+  l' := t := [first l]
+  repeat
+    l := rest l
+    cons? l =>
+      t.rest := [first l]
+      t := rest t
+    t.rest := l
+    return l'
+
+--% append
+
+append!(x,y) ==
+  x = nil => y
+  y = nil => x
+  lastNode(x).rest := y
+  x
diff --git a/src/interp/br-saturn.boot b/src/interp/br-saturn.boot
index 82fb5d55..916b02df 100644
--- a/src/interp/br-saturn.boot
+++ b/src/interp/br-saturn.boot
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ bcHt line ==
     if $saturn then htpAddToPageDescription($saturnPage, text)
     if $standard then htpAddToPageDescription($curPage, text)
   cons? line =>
-    $htLineList := NCONC(reverse! mapStringize COPY_-LIST line, $htLineList)
+    $htLineList := append!(reverse! mapStringize copyList line, $htLineList)
   $htLineList := [basicStringize line, :$htLineList]
 
 --=======================================================================
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ htMakeButtonSaturn(htCommand, message, func,options) ==
 htpAddToPageDescription(htPage, pageDescrip) ==
   newDescript :=
     string? pageDescrip => [pageDescrip, :htPage.7]
-    nconc(reverse! COPY_-LIST pageDescrip, htPage.7)
+    append!(reverse! copyList pageDescrip, htPage.7)
   htPage.7 := newDescript
 
 
diff --git a/src/interp/c-util.boot b/src/interp/c-util.boot
index e8ebb419..855cf50c 100644
--- a/src/interp/c-util.boot
+++ b/src/interp/c-util.boot
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ intersectionContour(c,c') ==
         --this loop will return NIL if not satisfied
  
 addContour(c,E is [cur,:tail]) ==
-  [NCONC(fn(c,E),cur),:tail] where
+  [append!(fn(c,E),cur),:tail] where
     fn(c,e) ==
         for [x,:proplist] in c repeat
            fn1(x,proplist,getProplist(x,e)) where
@@ -1477,7 +1477,7 @@ massageBackendCode x ==
     x.first := "MAKEPROP-SAY"
   u in '(DCQ RELET PRELET SPADLET SETQ %LET) =>
     if u isnt 'DCQ and u isnt 'SETQ then
-      nconc(x,$FUNNAME__TAIL)
+      append!(x,$FUNNAME__TAIL)
       x.first := "LETT"
     massageBackendCode CDDR x
     if not (u in '(SETQ RELET)) then
diff --git a/src/interp/daase.lisp b/src/interp/daase.lisp
index 99fadcdc..bec950bc 100644
--- a/src/interp/daase.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/daase.lisp
@@ -1702,7 +1702,7 @@
         #'(lambda () func) ;; constant domain
         #'(lambda (&rest args)
             (apply (|ClosFun| func)
-                   (nconc
+                   (|append!|
                     (mapcar #'wrapDomArgs args (cdr cosig))
                     (list (|ClosEnv| func)))))))
       (apply cname args)))))
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@
         #'(lambda (self &rest args)
             (let ((precat
                    (apply (|ClosFun| func)
-                          (nconc
+                          (|append!|
                            (mapcar #'wrapDomArgs args (cdr cosig))
                            (list (|ClosEnv| func))))))
               (|CCall| (elt (car precat) 5) (cdr precat) (wrapDomArgs self t))))))
diff --git a/src/interp/fnewmeta.lisp b/src/interp/fnewmeta.lisp
index 875a6875..f1cd15e0 100644
--- a/src/interp/fnewmeta.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/fnewmeta.lisp
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@
                               (AND (|PARSE-GlyphTok| ".")
                                    (MUST (|PARSE-Sexpr1|))
                                    (PUSH-REDUCTION '|PARSE-Sexpr1|
-                                    (NCONC (POP-STACK-2) (POP-STACK-1))))))))
+                                    (|append!| (POP-STACK-2) (POP-STACK-1))))))))
            (MUST (MATCH-ADVANCE-STRING ")"))))) 
 
 
diff --git a/src/interp/format.boot b/src/interp/format.boot
index 0be7cf3d..ff57521d 100644
--- a/src/interp/format.boot
+++ b/src/interp/format.boot
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ formatAttribute x ==
   atom x => ["  ",x]
   x is [op,:argl] =>
     for x in argl repeat
-      argPart:= NCONC(argPart,concat('",",formatAttributeArg x))
+      argPart:= append!(argPart,concat('",",formatAttributeArg x))
     argPart => concat('"  ",op,'"(",rest argPart,'")")
     ["  ",op]
 
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ pkey keyStuff ==
             keyStuff  := IFCDR keyStuff
             next      := IFCAR keyStuff
         oneMsg  := returnStLFromKey(key,argL,dbN)
-        allMsgs := ['" ", :NCONC (oneMsg,allMsgs)]
+        allMsgs := ['" ", :append! (oneMsg,allMsgs)]
     allMsgs
 
 string2Float s ==
diff --git a/src/interp/g-util.boot b/src/interp/g-util.boot
index 88a4b6cf..1880e41e 100644
--- a/src/interp/g-util.boot
+++ b/src/interp/g-util.boot
@@ -601,13 +601,13 @@ listSort(pred,list,:optional) ==
    mergeSort(pred,key,list,# list)
 
 -- non-destructive merge sort using NOT GGREATERP as predicate
-MSORT list == listSort(function GLESSEQP, COPY_-LIST list)
+MSORT list == listSort(function GLESSEQP, copyList list)
 
 -- destructive merge sort using NOT GGREATERP as predicate
 NMSORT list == listSort(function GLESSEQP, list)
 
 -- non-destructive merge sort using ?ORDER as predicate
-orderList l == listSort(function _?ORDER, COPY_-LIST l)
+orderList l == listSort(function _?ORDER, copyList l)
 
 -- dummy defn until clean-up
 -- order     l == orderList l
diff --git a/src/interp/ht-util.boot b/src/interp/ht-util.boot
index 14607077..0c97430f 100644
--- a/src/interp/ht-util.boot
+++ b/src/interp/ht-util.boot
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ iht line ==
 -- issue a single hyperteTeX line, or a group of lines
   $newPage => nil
   cons? line =>
-    $htLineList := NCONC(reverse! mapStringize COPY_-LIST line, $htLineList)
+    $htLineList := append!(reverse! mapStringize copyList line, $htLineList)
   $htLineList := [basicStringize line, :$htLineList]
 
 bcIssueHt line ==
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ pvarCondList1(pvarList, activeConds, condList) ==
   null condList => activeConds
   [cond, : restConds] := condList
   cond is [., pv, pattern] and pv in pvarList =>
-    pvarCondList1(nconc(pvarList, pvarsOfPattern pattern),
+    pvarCondList1(append!(pvarList, pvarsOfPattern pattern),
                   [cond, :activeConds], restConds)
   pvarCondList1(pvarList, activeConds, restConds)
 
diff --git a/src/interp/i-coerfn.boot b/src/interp/i-coerfn.boot
index fab869b2..d3244a37 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-coerfn.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-coerfn.boot
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ SETANDFILEQ($CoerceTable, '(                                          _
     ))_
   ))
 
-SETANDFILEQ($CoerceTable,NCONC($CoerceTable,'( _
+SETANDFILEQ($CoerceTable,append!($CoerceTable,'( _
   (Matrix . ( _
     (List                                 indeterm   M2L) _
     (RectangularMatrix                    partial    M2Rm) _
diff --git a/src/interp/i-funsel.boot b/src/interp/i-funsel.boot
index 71229c9f..0879b47d 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-funsel.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-funsel.boot
@@ -805,13 +805,13 @@ findFunctionInDomain(op,dc,tar,args1,args2,$Coerce,$SubDom) ==
         else r := [mm,:r]
       q := allOrMatchingMms(q,args1,tar,dc)
       for mm in q repeat
-        fun:= nconc(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
+        fun:= append!(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
       r := reverse r
     else r := rest p
     r := allOrMatchingMms(r,args1,tar,dc)
     if not fun then    -- consider remaining modemaps
       for mm in r repeat
-        fun:= nconc(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
+        fun:= append!(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
   if not fun and $reportBottomUpFlag then
     sayMSG concat
       ['"   -> no appropriate",:bright op,'"found in",
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ findFunctionInCategory(op,dc,tar,args1,args2,$Coerce,$SubDom) ==
   impls and
     SL:= constructSubst dc
     for mm in impls repeat
-      fun:= nconc(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
+      fun:= append!(fun,findFunctionInDomain1(mm,op,tar,args1,args2,SL))
   if not fun and $reportBottomUpFlag then
     sayMSG concat
       ['"   -> no appropriate",:bright op,'"found in",
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ selectMmsGen(op,tar,args1,args2) ==
       [c,t,:a] := sig
       if a then matchTypes(a,args1,args2)
       $Subst ~= 'failed =>
-        mmS := nconc(evalMm(op,tar,sig,mmC),mmS)
+        mmS := append!(evalMm(op,tar,sig,mmC),mmS)
     mmS
 
 matchTypes(pm,args1,args2) ==
@@ -1148,11 +1148,11 @@ evalMm(op,tar,sig,mmC) ==
       sig:= [subCopy(deepSubCopy(x,SL),$Subst) for x in sig]
       not containsVars sig =>
         isFreeFunctionFromMmCond mmC and (m := evalMmFreeFunction(op,tar,sig,mmC)) =>
-           mS:= nconc(m,mS)
+           mS:= append!(m,mS)
         "or"/[not isValidType(arg) for arg in sig] => nil
         [dc,t,:args]:= sig
         $Coerce or null tar or tar=t =>
-          mS:= nconc(findFunctionInDomain(op,dc,t,args,args,NIL,'T),mS)
+          mS:= append!(findFunctionInDomain(op,dc,t,args,args,NIL,'T),mS)
   mS
 
 evalMmFreeFunction(op,tar,sig,mmC) ==
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ evalMmFreeFunction(op,tar,sig,mmC) ==
 evalMmStack(mmC) ==
   -- translates the modemap condition mmC into a list of stacks
   mmC is [op,:a] and op in '(AND and %and) =>
-    ["NCONC"/[evalMmStackInner cond for cond in a]]
+    ["append!"/[evalMmStackInner cond for cond in a]]
   mmC is [op,:args] and op in '(OR or %or) => 
     [:evalMmStack a for a in args]
   mmC is ['partial,:mmD] => evalMmStack mmD
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ orderMmCatStack st ==
         havevars := [s,:havevars]
     if not mem then haventvars := [s,:haventvars]
   null havevars => st
-  st := reverse! nconc(haventvars,havevars)
+  st := reverse! append!(haventvars,havevars)
   SORT(st, function mmCatComp)
 
 mmCatComp(c1, c2) ==
diff --git a/src/interp/i-intern.boot b/src/interp/i-intern.boot
index e0e2b2f0..b9c8eec9 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-intern.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-intern.boot
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ transformCollect [:itrl,body] ==
     it is ["UNTIL",:.] => nil
     throwKeyedMsg("S2IS0061",nil)
   bodyTree:=mkAtree1 body
-  iterList:=nconc(iterList,[:iterTran2 for it in itrl]) where
+  iterList:=append!(iterList,[:iterTran2 for it in itrl]) where
     iterTran2() ==
       it is ["STEP",:.] => nil
       it is ["IN",:.] => nil
diff --git a/src/interp/i-map.boot b/src/interp/i-map.boot
index ac5dab8b..2a8c6450 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-map.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-map.boot
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ getUserIdentifiersIn body ==
       "append"/[getUserIdentifiersIn y for y in l]
     bodyIdList :=
       cons? op or not (GETL(op,'Nud) or GETL(op,'Led) or GETL(op,'up))=>
-        NCONC(getUserIdentifiersIn op, argIdList)
+        append!(getUserIdentifiersIn op, argIdList)
       argIdList
     removeDuplicates bodyIdList
 
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@ saveDependentMapInfo(op,opList) ==
     gcl := [[op, :get(op, 'generatedCode, $e)]]
     for [dep1,dep2] in getFlag("$dependencies") | dep1=op repeat
       [lmml', :gcl'] := saveDependentMapInfo(dep2, [op, :opList])
-      lmms := nconc(lmml', lmml)
-      gcl := nconc(gcl', gcl)
+      lmms := append!(lmml', lmml)
+      gcl := append!(gcl', gcl)
     [lmms, :gcl]
   nil
 
diff --git a/src/interp/i-output.boot b/src/interp/i-output.boot
index c2f53813..4406e5a1 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-output.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-output.boot
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ appChar(string,x,y,d) ==
     RPLACSTR(line,shiftedX,n:=#string,string,0,n)
     if bumpDeltaIfTrue=true then $highlightDelta:= $highlightDelta+1
     d
-  appChar(string,x,y,nconc(d,[[y,:GETFULLSTR(10+$LINELENGTH+$MARGIN," ")]]))
+  appChar(string,x,y,append!(d,[[y,:GETFULLSTR(10+$LINELENGTH+$MARGIN," ")]]))
 
 print(x,domain) ==
   dom:= devaluate domain
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ appInfix(e,x,y,d) ==
     [d,x]:= appInfixArg(arg,x,y,d,rightPrec,"left",opString) --app in right arg
   d
 
-appconc(d,x,y,w) == NCONC(d,[[[x,:y],:w]])
+appconc(d,x,y,w) == append!(d,[[[x,:y],:w]])
 
 infixArgNeedsParens(arg, prec, leftOrRight) ==
   prec > getBindingPowerOf(leftOrRight, arg) + 1
diff --git a/src/interp/i-special.boot b/src/interp/i-special.boot
index 5a7a4607..a167f8e3 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-special.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-special.boot
@@ -2162,7 +2162,7 @@ transformREPEAT [:itrl,body] ==
       [["SUCHTHAT",mkAtree1 pred]]
     it is [op,:.] and (op in '(VALUE UNTIL)) => nil
   bodyTree:=mkAtree1 body
-  iterList:=NCONC(iterList,[:iterTran2 for it in itrl]) where iterTran2() ==
+  iterList:=append!(iterList,[:iterTran2 for it in itrl]) where iterTran2() ==
     it is ["STEP",:.] => nil
     it is ["IN",:.] => nil
     it is ["ON",:.] => nil
diff --git a/src/interp/i-syscmd.boot b/src/interp/i-syscmd.boot
index 0ad608b3..255daac2 100644
--- a/src/interp/i-syscmd.boot
+++ b/src/interp/i-syscmd.boot
@@ -1395,14 +1395,14 @@ previousInterpreterFrame() ==
   updateCurrentInterpreterFrame()
   null rest $interpreterFrameRing => NIL  -- nothing to do
   [:b,l] := $interpreterFrameRing
-  $interpreterFrameRing := NCONC2([l],b)
+  $interpreterFrameRing := append!([l],b)
   updateFromCurrentInterpreterFrame()
 
 nextInterpreterFrame() ==
   updateCurrentInterpreterFrame()
   null rest $interpreterFrameRing => NIL  -- nothing to do
   $interpreterFrameRing :=
-    NCONC2(rest $interpreterFrameRing,[first $interpreterFrameRing])
+    append!(rest $interpreterFrameRing,[first $interpreterFrameRing])
   updateFromCurrentInterpreterFrame()
 
 
diff --git a/src/interp/interop.boot b/src/interp/interop.boot
index 45019c39..5e4badcd 100644
--- a/src/interp/interop.boot
+++ b/src/interp/interop.boot
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ makeLazyOldAxiomDispatchDomain domform ==
   getConstructorKindFromDB opOf domform = "category" =>
       [$oldAxiomPreCategoryDispatch,: domform]
   dd := [$lazyOldAxiomDomainDispatch, hashTypeForm(domform,0), domform]
-  NCONC(dd,dd) -- installs back pointer to head of domain.
+  append!(dd,dd) -- installs back pointer to head of domain.
   dd
 
 makeOldAxiomDispatchDomain dom ==
diff --git a/src/interp/macros.lisp b/src/interp/macros.lisp
index dfa30086..33e60ffe 100644
--- a/src/interp/macros.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/macros.lisp
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 (defun LISTOFATOMS (X)
   (COND ((NULL X) NIL)
         ((ATOM X) (LIST X))
-        ((NCONC (LISTOFATOMS (CAR X)) (LISTOFATOMS (CDR X))))))
+        ((|append!| (LISTOFATOMS (CAR X)) (LISTOFATOMS (CDR X))))))
  
 (DEFUN LASTATOM (L) (if (ATOM L) L (LASTATOM (CDR L))))
  
diff --git a/src/interp/modemap.boot b/src/interp/modemap.boot
index 0b93ffaa..3b36cdc6 100644
--- a/src/interp/modemap.boot
+++ b/src/interp/modemap.boot
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ mergeModemap(entry is [[mc,:sig],[pred,:.],:.],modemapList,e) ==
           return modemapList
         TruthP pred => mmtail:=rest mmtail
           --the thing we matched against is useless, by comparison
-      modemapList:= NCONC(reverse! newmm,[entry,:mmtail])
+      modemapList:= append!(reverse! newmm,[entry,:mmtail])
       entry:= nil
       return modemapList
   if entry then [:modemapList,entry] else modemapList
diff --git a/src/interp/msg.boot b/src/interp/msg.boot
index 156906a9..88873010 100644
--- a/src/interp/msg.boot
+++ b/src/interp/msg.boot
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ processChPosesForOneLine msgList ==
         setMsgPrefix (msg,strconc(oldPre,_
                      MAKE_-FULL_-CVEC ($preLength - 4 - # oldPre),posLetter) )
     leaderMsg := makeLeaderMsg chPosList
-    NCONC(msgList,[leaderMsg])  --a back cons
+    append!(msgList,[leaderMsg])  --a back cons
  
 posPointers msgList ==
 --gets all the char posns for msgs on one line
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ queueUpErrors(globalNumOfLine,msgList)==
        msgList := rest msgList
     if thisPosMsgs then
         thisPosMsgs := processChPosesForOneLine  thisPosMsgs
-        $outputList := NCONC(thisPosMsgs,$outputList)
+        $outputList := append!(thisPosMsgs,$outputList)
     if notThisPosMsgs then
-        $outputList := NCONC(notThisPosMsgs,$outputList)
+        $outputList := append!(notThisPosMsgs,$outputList)
     msgList
  
 redundant(msg,thisPosMsgs) ==
diff --git a/src/interp/msgdb.boot b/src/interp/msgdb.boot
index bd3742e8..c821ed45 100644
--- a/src/interp/msgdb.boot
+++ b/src/interp/msgdb.boot
@@ -180,11 +180,11 @@ substituteSegmentedMsg(msg,args) ==
 
     -- x is a special case
     (n > 2) and c = char "%" and stringChar(x,1) = char "k" =>
-        l := nconc(reverse! pkey subString(x,2),l)
+        l := append!(reverse! pkey subString(x,2),l)
 
     -- ?name gets replaced by '"Push PF10" or '"Type >b (enter)"
     stringChar(x,0) = char "?" and n > 1 and
-      (v := pushOrTypeFuture(makeSymbol x,nil)) => l := nconc(reverse! v,l)
+      (v := pushOrTypeFuture(makeSymbol x,nil)) => l := append!(reverse! v,l)
 
     -- x requires parameter substitution
     stringChar(x,0) = char "%" and n > 1 and digit? stringChar(x,1) =>
diff --git a/src/interp/nruncomp.boot b/src/interp/nruncomp.boot
index 71b401bc..75e58532 100644
--- a/src/interp/nruncomp.boot
+++ b/src/interp/nruncomp.boot
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ changeDirectoryInSlot1() ==  --called by buildFunctor
           [opsig,pred,[op,a,vectorLocation(first opsig,second opsig)]]
         [opsig,pred,fnsel]
   sortedOplist := listSort(function GLESSEQP,
-                           COPY_-LIST $lisplibOperationAlist,function second)
+                           copyList $lisplibOperationAlist,function second)
   $lastPred: local := false
   $newEnv: local := $e
   vectorRef($domainShell,1) := [fn entry for entry in sortedOplist] where
diff --git a/src/interp/parsing.lisp b/src/interp/parsing.lisp
index ffb2bc55..6a33d361 100644
--- a/src/interp/parsing.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/parsing.lisp
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ the stack, then stack a NIL. Return the value of prod."
   (loop
      (let ((m (length /gensymlist)))
        (if (< m n)
-           (setq /gensymlist (nconc /gensymlist `(,(intern (format nil "G~D" (1+ m))))))
+           (setq /gensymlist (|append!| /gensymlist `(,(intern (format nil "G~D" (1+ m))))))
            (return (nth (1- n) /gensymlist))))))
 
 ; 3 D.  Managing rule sets
diff --git a/src/interp/pf2sex.boot b/src/interp/pf2sex.boot
index 306c4d48..12cb1215 100644
--- a/src/interp/pf2sex.boot
+++ b/src/interp/pf2sex.boot
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ hasOptArgs? argSex ==
       opt := [[lhs, rhs], :opt]
     nonOpt := [arg, :nonOpt]
   null opt => nil
-  NCONC (reverse! nonOpt, [["construct", :reverse! opt]])
+  append!(reverse! nonOpt, [["construct", :reverse! opt]])
 
 pfDefinition2Sex pf ==
   $insideApplication > $insideQuasiquotation =>
diff --git a/src/interp/preparse.lisp b/src/interp/preparse.lisp
index 1285de92..b3279119 100644
--- a/src/interp/preparse.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/preparse.lisp
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@
 (defun PARSEPILES (LOCS LINES)
   "Add parens and semis to lines to aid parsing."
   (mapl #'add-parens-and-semis-to-line 
-	(NCONC LINES '(" ")) 
-	(nconc locs '(nil)))
+	(|append!| LINES '(" ")) 
+	(|append!| locs '(nil)))
   LINES)
  
 (defun add-parens-and-semis-to-line (slines slocs)
diff --git a/src/interp/slam.boot b/src/interp/slam.boot
index e0ff0c04..90c733c4 100644
--- a/src/interp/slam.boot
+++ b/src/interp/slam.boot
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ clearAllSlams x ==
         someMoreToClear:=
           setDifference(LASSOC(x,$functorDependencyAlist),[:thoseToClear,:
             thoseCleared])
-        NCONC(thoseToClear,someMoreToClear)
+        append!(thoseToClear,someMoreToClear)
  
 clearSlam("functor")==
   setDynamicBinding(mkCacheName functor,nil)
diff --git a/src/interp/sys-macros.lisp b/src/interp/sys-macros.lisp
index 33e18eb3..75beaa84 100644
--- a/src/interp/sys-macros.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/sys-macros.lisp
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
 	    (LIST 'spadDO 
 		  (|reverse!| IL) 
 		  (LIST (MKPF (|reverse!| XCL) 'OR) XV)
-		  (SEQOPT (CONS 'SEQ (NCONC (|reverse!| RSL)
+		  (SEQOPT (CONS 'SEQ (|append!| (|reverse!| RSL)
 					    (LIST (LIST 'EXIT BD)))))))
 	   (COND ((ATOM (CAR X)) 
 		  (FAIL)))
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@
 	   (UNIONQ NIL)
 	   (|gcd| (|Zero|))
 	   (|union| NIL)
-	   (NCONC NIL)
+	   (|append!| NIL)
 	   (|and| |true|)
 	   (|or| |false|)
 	   (AND 'T)
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@
 	(RETURN (COND
 		 ((AND $NEWSPAD)
 		  (CONS 'SEQ
-			(NCONC (DO_LET VARS INITS)
+			(|append!| (DO_LET VARS INITS)
 			       (LIST 'G190 
 				     ENDTEST 
 				     BODYFORMS 
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@
 	(ERROR (FORMAT NIL "BAD DO FORMAT~%~A" OL))))
 
 (defmacro THETA (&rest LL)
-  (let (U (L (copy-list LL)))
+  (let (U (L (|copyList| LL)))
     (if (EQ (KAR L) '\,) 
 	`(theta CONS . ,(CDR L))
       (progn
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@
 		 (|reverse!| (CDR L)))))))
 
 (defmacro THETA1 (&rest LL)
-  (let (U (L (copy-list LL)))
+  (let (U (L (|copyList| LL)))
     (if (EQ (KAR L) '\,)
         (LIST 'NREVERSE-N (CONS 'THETA1 (CONS 'CONS (CDR L))) 1)
       (-REDUCE (CAR L) 
@@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@
  
 (defmacro COLLECT (&rest L)
   (let ((U (REPEAT-TRAN L NIL)))
-    (CONS 'THETA (CONS '\, (NCONC (CAR U) (LIST (CDR U)))))))
+    (CONS 'THETA (CONS '\, (|append!| (CAR U) (LIST (CDR U)))))))
 
 ;; 
 ;; -*- Non-Local Gotos -*-
diff --git a/src/interp/trace.boot b/src/interp/trace.boot
index 4ea97d24..7cc14533 100644
--- a/src/interp/trace.boot
+++ b/src/interp/trace.boot
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ spadTrace(domain,options) ==
     alias:= spadTraceAlias(domainId,op,n)
     $tracedModemap:= subTypes(mm,constructSubst(domain.0))
     traceName:= BPITRACE(first domain.n,alias, options)
-    NCONC(pair,[listOfVariables,first domain.n,traceName,alias])
+    append!(pair,[listOfVariables,first domain.n,traceName,alias])
     domain.n.first := traceName
   sigSlotNumberAlist:= [x for x in sigSlotNumberAlist | CDDDR x]
   if $reportSpadTrace then
diff --git a/src/interp/util.lisp b/src/interp/util.lisp
index 9ba4839e..906b661b 100644
--- a/src/interp/util.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/util.lisp
@@ -562,8 +562,8 @@
     (setq spads (directory "*.spad"))
     (dolist (spad spads)
      (multiple-value-setq (short long) (srcabbrevs spad))
-     (setq names (nconc names short))
-     (setq longnames (nconc longnames long)))
+     (setq names (|append!| names short))
+     (setq longnames (|append!| longnames long)))
     (setq names (sort names #'string<))
     (setq longnames (sort longnames #'string<))
     (values names longnames))))
diff --git a/src/interp/vmlisp.lisp b/src/interp/vmlisp.lisp
index b5eeb762..c6014d97 100644
--- a/src/interp/vmlisp.lisp
+++ b/src/interp/vmlisp.lisp
@@ -86,9 +86,6 @@
 (defmacro closedfn (form)
  `(function ,form))
 
-(defmacro |copyList| (x) 
- `(copy-list ,x))
-
 (defmacro dcq (&rest args)
  (cons 'setqp args))
 
@@ -501,8 +498,8 @@
                (DEQUOTE (cdr BV))))))
 
 (defun lotsof (&rest items)
-  (setq items (copy-list items))
-  (nconc items items))
+  (setq items (|copyList| items))
+  (|append!| items items))
 
 ; 7.4 Using Macros
 
@@ -797,8 +794,6 @@
 
 (defun EFFACE (item list) (delete item list :count 1 :test #'equal))
 
-(defun NCONC2 (x y) (NCONC x y)) ;NCONC with exactly two arguments
-
 ; 14.6 Miscellaneous
 
 (defun QSORT (l)
@@ -1034,7 +1029,7 @@
              (COND ((AND (NULL W) (OR (consp A) (simple-vector-p A)))
                     (COND ((consp AVL) (setq W (car (RESETQ AVL (cdr AVL)))))
                           ((setq PVL (CONS (setq W (GENSYM)) PVL))))))
-             (setq C (NCONC (COND ((IDENTP A) `((setq ,a (ELT ,sv ,i))))
+             (setq C (|append!| (COND ((IDENTP A) `((setq ,a (ELT ,sv ,i))))
                                   ((OR (consp A) (simple-vector-p A))
                                    `((setq ,w (ELT ,sv ,i))
                                      ,@(dcqgenexp w a eqtag qflag))))
@@ -1066,7 +1061,7 @@
                           (DCQGENEXP (LIST 'CAR SV) A EQTAG QFLAG) )
                          (`((setq ,(or w sv) (CAR ,sv))
                             ,@(DCQGENEXP (OR W SV) A EQTAG QFLAG)))))))
-    (setq C (NCONC C (COND ((IDENTP D) `((setq ,d (CDR ,sv))))
+    (setq C (|append!| C (COND ((IDENTP D) `((setq ,d (CDR ,sv))))
                            ((OR (consp D) (simple-vector-p D))
                             (COND
                               ((OR W (IDENTP SV)) )
@@ -1131,7 +1126,7 @@
               (if (AND (NULL W) (OR (consp A) (simple-vector-p A)))
                   (push (setq W (GENSYM)) PVL))
               (setq C
-                    (NCONC
+                    (|append!|
                       (COND
                         ( (OR
                             (IDENTP A)
@@ -1169,7 +1164,7 @@
                  `((setq ,w (CAR ,sv))
                    ,@(ECQGENEXP W A QFLAG)))))
         (setq C
-              (NCONC
+              (|append!|
                 C
                 (COND
                   ( (OR (IDENTP D) (NUMP D) (AND (consp D)
@@ -1232,7 +1227,7 @@
                            (simple-vector-p A)))
                 (setq PVL (CONS (setq W (GENSYM)) PVL)) ) )
             (setq C
-              (NCONC
+              (|append!|
                 (COND
                   ( (OR
                       (IDENTP A)
@@ -1273,7 +1268,7 @@
             `((setq ,w (CAR ,sv))
               ,@(RCQGENEXP W A QFLAG)))))
       (setq C
-        (NCONC
+        (|append!|
           C
           (COND
             ( (OR (IDENTP D) (NUMP D) (AND (consp D) (EQ (car D) 'QUOTE)))
@@ -1453,7 +1448,7 @@
           ( (AND (NOT (consp TMP1)) (NOT (simple-vector-p TMP1)))
             (FLAT-BV-LIST (QCDR BV-LIST)) )
           ( 'T
-            (NCONC (FLAT-BV-LIST TMP1) (FLAT-BV-LIST (QCDR BV-LIST))) ) )) ))
+            (|append!| (FLAT-BV-LIST TMP1) (FLAT-BV-LIST (QCDR BV-LIST))) ) )) ))
 
 (defun VARP (TEST-ITEM)
     (COND